102 research outputs found

    Taxpayers' Response to Tax Rate Changes: A Canadian Panel Study

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    Taxpayers may respond to changes in income tax rates in several manners. One way to classify them is to distinguish between behavioural changes (changes in labour supply, changes in the weights of the different types of labour income, changes in saving behaviour, etc.) and income reporting changes (timing, evasion, ...). Consequently, there might not be a perfectly proportional relationship between tax rate changes and tax revenues. This paper presents a methodology for the estimation of 1)income and 2)number of taxpayer elasticities with respect to marginal income tax rates. The model considers shares of total income and number of taxpayer for three income classes: medium (50,000−50,000-100,000), high (100,000−100,000-150,000) and highest (150,000andmore)forapanelofCanadianprovincesoverthe1972−1996periodandforthreesub−periods(1972−1976,1977−1987,1988−1996).Theresultsshowsignificantresponsestotaxratechangesfromtaxpayersinthehighandhighestincomeclassesattheendoftheperiodunderstudy(1988−1996).Resultsobtainedfromthenumberoftaxpayersharemodelalsoindicatethatasignificantpartoftheresponseoftaxpayerstotaxratechangesisexplainedbytaxpayersmovingtolowerincomeclasses.Lescontribuablessontenmesuredereˊagirauxchangementsdanslestauxmarginauxdâ€Čimpo^tsurlerevenudediversesmanieˋres.Cesreˊactionssontdedeuxordres:changementdecomportement(offredetravail,typesderevenu,eˊpargne,etc.)ouchangementdanslamanieˋrededeˊclarerlesrevenus(report,eˊvasionfiscale,etc.).Parconseˊquent,ilestpossiblequâ€Čunchangementdanslestauxdâ€Čimpo^tentraı^neunchangementnon−proportionneldelâ€Čimpo^tpayeˊ.Cetteeˊtudeproposeunemeˊthodologiepermettantlâ€Čestimationdeseˊlasticiteˊsdurevenuetdunombredecontribuablesparrapportauxtauxdâ€Čimpo^t.Troisclassesderevenussontretenuespourlâ€Čanalyse:revenusmoyens(50000150,000 and more) for a panel of Canadian provinces over the 1972-1996 period and for three sub-periods (1972-1976, 1977-1987, 1988-1996). The results show significant responses to tax rate changes from taxpayers in the high and highest income classes at the end of the period under study (1988-1996). Results obtained from the number of taxpayer share model also indicate that a significant part of the response of taxpayers to tax rate changes is explained by taxpayers moving to lower income classes. Les contribuables sont en mesure de rĂ©agir aux changements dans les taux marginaux d'impĂŽt sur le revenu de diverses maniĂšres. Ces rĂ©actions sont de deux ordres : changement de comportement (offre de travail, types de revenu, Ă©pargne, etc.) ou changement dans la maniĂšre de dĂ©clarer les revenus (report, Ă©vasion fiscale, etc.). Par consĂ©quent, il est possible qu'un changement dans les taux d'impĂŽt entraĂźne un changement non-proportionnel de l'impĂŽt payĂ©. Cette Ă©tude propose une mĂ©thodologie permettant l'estimation des Ă©lasticitĂ©s du revenu et du nombre de contribuables par rapport aux taux d'impĂŽt. Trois classes de revenus sont retenues pour l'analyse : revenus moyens (50 000 - 100 000 ),revenuseˊleveˊs(100000), revenus Ă©levĂ©s (100 000 - 150 000 )etrevenustreˋseˊleveˊs(150000) et revenus trĂšs Ă©levĂ©s (150 000 et plus). La mĂ©thodologie proposĂ©e est appliquĂ©e Ă  un panel de donnĂ©es provinciales au Canada au cours de la pĂ©riode 1972-1996. Des rĂ©sultats spĂ©cifiques sont prĂ©sentĂ©s pour trois sous-pĂ©riodes (1972-1976, 1977-1987 et 1988-1996). Ces sous-pĂ©riodes correspondent aux diffĂ©rents rĂ©gimes fiscaux qu'a connus le Canada entre 1972 et 1996. Les rĂ©sultats indiquent des rĂ©actions significatives des contribuables Ă  revenus Ă©levĂ©s et trĂšs Ă©levĂ©s durant la pĂ©riode 1988-1996. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus du modĂšle portant sur le nombre de contribuables indiquent Ă©galement qu'une part importante de la rĂ©action s'explique par la migration des contribuables entre les classes de revenu.Tax rates, income elasticity, panel data, Taux d'impĂŽt, impĂŽt sur le revenu, donnĂ©es de panel

    Innovation through pertinent patents research based on physical phenomena involved

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    One can find innovative solutions to complex industrial problems by looking for knowledge in patents. Traditional search using keywords in databases of patents has been widely used. Currently, different computational methods that limit human intervention have been developed. We aim to define a method to improve the search for relevant patents in order to solve industrial problems and specifically to deduce evolution opportunities. The non-automatic, semi-automatic, and automatic search methods use keywords. For a detailed keyword search, we propose as a basis the functional decomposition and the analysis of the physical phenomena involved in the achievement of the function to fulfill. The search for solutions to design a bi-phasic separator in deep offshore shows the method presented in this paper

    RĂ©actions des contribuables aux variations des taux marginaux d’impĂŽt : une Ă©tude portant sur des donnĂ©es de panel au Canada

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    Cette Ă©tude porte sur l’évaluation de l’élasticitĂ© des revenus dĂ©clarĂ©s relativement au taux marginaux d’impĂŽt sur le revenu au Canada. L’étude s’appuie sur des donnĂ©es provinciales agrĂ©gĂ©es de 1972 Ă  1996. Le modĂšle Ă©conomĂ©trique permet d’expliquer conjointement les parts de trois classes de revenus : 50 000 −100000 - 100 000 , 100 000 −150000 - 150 000 et 150 000 etplus.Cemodeˋletientcompteaˋlafoisdeseffetsspeˊcifiquesauxprovincesetautemps.Deplus,laspeˊcificationutiliseˊeprendenconsideˊrationlesconditionsmacroeˊconomiquesgeˊneˊrales(PIBettauxdecho^mage)ainsiqueladistributionsous−jacentedesrevenus(coefficientdeGini).Parailleurs,lesreˊsultatsd’unmodeˋleexpliquantlapartdunombredecontribuablesdanschaqueclassederevenussonteˊgalementexamineˊs.Lesreˊsultatsmontrentqu’aucoursdeladernieˋrepartiedelapeˊriodeeˊtudieˊe(soitde1988aˋ1996),lescontribuablesappartenantauxclassesderevenuslespluseˊleveˊs(100000 et plus. Ce modĂšle tient compte Ă  la fois des effets spĂ©cifiques aux provinces et au temps. De plus, la spĂ©cification utilisĂ©e prend en considĂ©ration les conditions macroĂ©conomiques gĂ©nĂ©rales (PIB et taux de chĂŽmage) ainsi que la distribution sous-jacente des revenus (coefficient de Gini). Par ailleurs, les rĂ©sultats d’un modĂšle expliquant la part du nombre de contribuables dans chaque classe de revenus sont Ă©galement examinĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats montrent qu’au cours de la derniĂšre partie de la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e (soit de 1988 Ă  1996), les contribuables appartenant aux classes de revenus les plus Ă©levĂ©s (100 000 et plus) Ă©taient sensibles aux variations des taux marginaux d’impĂŽt Ă  un point tel que toute augmentation de ces taux entraĂźnait une baisse plus que proportionnelle des revenus dĂ©clarĂ©s et, par consĂ©quent, une diminution des revenus de l’État. Les rĂ©sultats complĂ©mentaires provenant du modĂšle portant sur le nombre de contribuables (par classe de revenus) dĂ©montrent que ces baisses de revenus s’expliquent par la migration des contribuables vers des niveaux de revenus (et de taxation) plus faibles.Taxpayers may respond to changes in income tax rates in several manners. One way to classify them is to distinguish between behavioural changes (changes in labour supply, changes in the weights of the different types of labour income, changes in saving behaviour, etc.) and income reporting changes (timing, evasion, ...). Consequently, there might not be a perfectly proportional relationship between tax rate changes and tax revenues. This paper presents a methodology for the estimation of 1) income and 2) number of taxpayer elasticities with respect to marginal income tax rates. The model considers shares of total income and number of taxpayer for three income classes: medium (50,000 −50,000 - 100,000), high (100,000−100,000 - 150,000) and highest ($150,000 and more) for a panel of Canadian provinces over the 1972-1996 period and for three sub-periods (1972-1976, 1977-1987, 1988-1996). The results show significant responses to tax rate changes from taxpayers in the high and highest income classes at the end of the period under study (1988-1996). Results obtained from the number of taxpayer share model also indicate that a significant part of the response of taxpayers to tax rate changes is explained by taxpayers moving to lower income classes

    Taxpayers' Response to Tax Rate Changes: A Canadian Panel Study

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    Les contribuables sont en mesure de rĂ©agir aux changements dans les taux marginaux d'impĂŽt sur le revenu de diverses maniĂšres. Ces rĂ©actions sont de deux ordres : changement de comportement (offre de travail, types de revenu, Ă©pargne, etc.) ou changement dans la maniĂšre de dĂ©clarer les revenus (report, Ă©vasion fiscale, etc.). Par consĂ©quent, il est possible qu'un changement dans les taux d'impĂŽt entraĂźne un changement non-proportionnel de l'impĂŽt payĂ©. Cette Ă©tude propose une mĂ©thodologie permettant l'estimation des Ă©lasticitĂ©s du revenu et du nombre de contribuables par rapport aux taux d'impĂŽt. Trois classes de revenus sont retenues pour l'analyse : revenus moyens (50 000 −100000 - 100 000 ), revenus Ă©levĂ©s (100 000 −150000 - 150 000 ) et revenus trĂšs Ă©levĂ©s (150 000 etplus).LameˊthodologieproposeˊeestappliqueˊeaˋunpaneldedonneˊesprovincialesauCanadaaucoursdelapeˊriode1972−1996.Desreˊsultatsspeˊcifiquessontpreˊsenteˊspourtroissous−peˊriodes(1972−1976,1977−1987et1988−1996).Cessous−peˊriodescorrespondentauxdiffeˊrentsreˊgimesfiscauxquâ€ČaconnusleCanadaentre1972et1996.Lesreˊsultatsindiquentdesreˊactionssignificativesdescontribuablesaˋrevenuseˊleveˊsettreˋseˊleveˊsdurantlapeˊriode1988−1996.Lesreˊsultatsobtenusdumodeˋleportantsurlenombredecontribuablesindiquenteˊgalementquâ€Čunepartimportantedelareˊactionsâ€Čexpliqueparlamigrationdescontribuablesentrelesclassesderevenu.Taxpayersmayrespondtochangesinincometaxratesinseveralmanners.Onewaytoclassifythemistodistinguishbetweenbehaviouralchanges(changesinlaboursupply,changesintheweightsofthedifferenttypesoflabourincome,changesinsavingbehaviour,etc.)andincomereportingchanges(timing,evasion,...).Consequently,theremightnotbeaperfectlyproportionalrelationshipbetweentaxratechangesandtaxrevenues.Thispaperpresentsamethodologyfortheestimationof1)incomeand2)numberoftaxpayerelasticitieswithrespecttomarginalincometaxrates.Themodelconsiderssharesoftotalincomeandnumberoftaxpayerforthreeincomeclasses:medium( et plus). La mĂ©thodologie proposĂ©e est appliquĂ©e Ă  un panel de donnĂ©es provinciales au Canada au cours de la pĂ©riode 1972-1996. Des rĂ©sultats spĂ©cifiques sont prĂ©sentĂ©s pour trois sous-pĂ©riodes (1972-1976, 1977-1987 et 1988-1996). Ces sous-pĂ©riodes correspondent aux diffĂ©rents rĂ©gimes fiscaux qu'a connus le Canada entre 1972 et 1996. Les rĂ©sultats indiquent des rĂ©actions significatives des contribuables Ă  revenus Ă©levĂ©s et trĂšs Ă©levĂ©s durant la pĂ©riode 1988-1996. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus du modĂšle portant sur le nombre de contribuables indiquent Ă©galement qu'une part importante de la rĂ©action s'explique par la migration des contribuables entre les classes de revenu.Taxpayers may respond to changes in income tax rates in several manners. One way to classify them is to distinguish between behavioural changes (changes in labour supply, changes in the weights of the different types of labour income, changes in saving behaviour, etc.) and income reporting changes (timing, evasion, ...). Consequently, there might not be a perfectly proportional relationship between tax rate changes and tax revenues. This paper presents a methodology for the estimation of 1)income and 2)number of taxpayer elasticities with respect to marginal income tax rates. The model considers shares of total income and number of taxpayer for three income classes: medium (50,000-100,000),high(100,000), high (100,000-150,000)andhighest(150,000) and highest (150,000 and more) for a panel of Canadian provinces over the 1972-1996 period and for three sub-periods (1972-1976, 1977-1987, 1988-1996). The results show significant responses to tax rate changes from taxpayers in the high and highest income classes at the end of the period under study (1988-1996). Results obtained from the number of taxpayer share model also indicate that a significant part of the response of taxpayers to tax rate changes is explained by taxpayers moving to lower income classes

    RĂ©actions des contribuables aux variations des taux marginaux d’impĂŽt : une Ă©tude portant sur des donnĂ©es de panel au Canada

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    Taxpayers may respond to changes in income tax rates in several manners. One way to classify them is to distinguish between behavioural changes (changes in labour supply, changes in the weights of the different types of labour income, changes in saving behaviour, etc.) and income reporting changes (timing, evasion, ...). Consequently, there might not be a perfectly proportional relationship between tax rate changes and tax revenues. This paper presents a methodology for the estimation of 1) income and 2) number of taxpayer elasticities with respect to marginal income tax rates. The model considers shares of total income and number of taxpayer for three income classes: medium (50,000 −50,000 - 100,000), high (100,000−100,000 - 150,000) and highest (150,000andmore)forapanelofCanadianprovincesoverthe1972−1996periodandforthreesub−periods(1972−1976,1977−1987,1988−1996).Theresultsshowsignificantresponsestotaxratechangesfromtaxpayersinthehighandhighestincomeclassesattheendoftheperiodunderstudy(1988−1996).Resultsobtainedfromthenumberoftaxpayersharemodelalsoindicatethatasignificantpartoftheresponseoftaxpayerstotaxratechangesisexplainedbytaxpayersmovingtolowerincomeclasses.Cetteeˊtudeportesurl’eˊvaluationdel’eˊlasticiteˊdesrevenusdeˊclareˊsrelativementautauxmarginauxd’impo^tsurlerevenuauCanada.L’eˊtudes’appuiesurdesdonneˊesprovincialesagreˊgeˊesde1972aˋ1996.Lemodeˋleeˊconomeˊtriquepermetd’expliquerconjointementlespartsdetroisclassesderevenus :50000150,000 and more) for a panel of Canadian provinces over the 1972-1996 period and for three sub-periods (1972-1976, 1977-1987, 1988-1996). The results show significant responses to tax rate changes from taxpayers in the high and highest income classes at the end of the period under study (1988-1996). Results obtained from the number of taxpayer share model also indicate that a significant part of the response of taxpayers to tax rate changes is explained by taxpayers moving to lower income classes. Cette Ă©tude porte sur l’évaluation de l’élasticitĂ© des revenus dĂ©clarĂ©s relativement au taux marginaux d’impĂŽt sur le revenu au Canada. L’étude s’appuie sur des donnĂ©es provinciales agrĂ©gĂ©es de 1972 Ă  1996. Le modĂšle Ă©conomĂ©trique permet d’expliquer conjointement les parts de trois classes de revenus : 50 000 - 100 000 ,100000, 100 000 - 150 000 et150000 et 150 000 et plus. Ce modĂšle tient compte Ă  la fois des effets spĂ©cifiques aux provinces et au temps. De plus, la spĂ©cification utilisĂ©e prend en considĂ©ration les conditions macroĂ©conomiques gĂ©nĂ©rales (PIB et taux de chĂŽmage) ainsi que la distribution sous-jacente des revenus (coefficient de Gini). Par ailleurs, les rĂ©sultats d’un modĂšle expliquant la part du nombre de contribuables dans chaque classe de revenus sont Ă©galement examinĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats montrent qu’au cours de la derniĂšre partie de la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e (soit de 1988 Ă  1996), les contribuables appartenant aux classes de revenus les plus Ă©levĂ©s (100 000 $ et plus) Ă©taient sensibles aux variations des taux marginaux d’impĂŽt Ă  un point tel que toute augmentation de ces taux entraĂźnait une baisse plus que proportionnelle des revenus dĂ©clarĂ©s et, par consĂ©quent, une diminution des revenus de l’État. Les rĂ©sultats complĂ©mentaires provenant du modĂšle portant sur le nombre de contribuables (par classe de revenus) dĂ©montrent que ces baisses de revenus s’expliquent par la migration des contribuables vers des niveaux de revenus (et de taxation) plus faibles.

    Winning, Losing, and the Quality of Democracy

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    Citizens who voted for a party that won the election are more satisfied with democracy than those who did not. This winner - loser gap has recently been found to vary with the quality of electoral democracy: the higher the quality of democracy, the smaller the gap. However, we do not know what drives this relationship. Is it driven by losers, winners, or both? And Why? Linking our work to the literature on motivated reasoning and macro salience and benefiting from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems project - covering 163 elections in 51 countries between 1996 and 2018, our results show that the narrower winner - loser gap in well-established electoral democracies is not only a result of losers being more satisfied with democracy, but also of winners being less satisfied with their victory. Our findings carry important implications since a narrow winner - loser gap appears as a key feature of healthy democratic systems

    Effects of moderate hyperbilirubinemia on nutritive swallowing and swallowing-breathing coordination in preterm lambs

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    Background: Hyperbilirubinemia (HB) occurs in 90% of preterm newborns. HB induces acute neurological disorders (somnolence, abnormal tone, feeding difficulties, auditory dysfunction) and alterations in respiratory control. These findings suggest brainstem neurotoxicity that could also affect swallowing centers. Objective: To test the hypothesis that HB impairs nutritive swallowing (NS) and swallowing-breathing coordination. Methods: Two groups of preterm lambs (born 14 days prior to term), namely control (n = 6) and HB (n = 5), were studied. On day 5 of life (D0), moderate HB (150-250 ”mol/l) was induced during 17 h in the HB group. Swallowing was assessed via recording of pharyngeal pressure and respiration by respiratory inductance plethysmography and pulse oximetry. The effect of HB on NS was assessed during standardized bottle-feeding. A second recording was performed 48 h after recovery from HB (D3). Results: Swallows were less frequent (p = 0.003) and of smaller volume (p = 0.01) in HB lambs while swallowing frequency was decreased (p = 0.004). These differences disappeared after HB normalization. Swallowing-breathing coordination was impaired in HB lambs, with a decrease in percent time with NS burst-related apneas/hypopneas at D0 and D3. Simultaneously, HB lambs tended to experience more severe desaturations (<80%) during bottle-feeding. Finally, following bottle-feeding, the respiratory rate was significantly lower, along with an increased apnea duration in HB lambs. Conclusions: Swallowing and swallowing-breathing coordination are altered by acute moderate HB in preterm lambs. Decreased efficiency at bottle-feeding is accompanied by continuation of breathing during swallow bursts, which may promote lung aspiration
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