558 research outputs found
Multidentate Fluorinated Alkoxide Ligand Platforms for Oxophilic Metal Centers: From MOCVD Source Reagents to Polymerization Catalysts
International audienceIn contrast to simple fluorinated alkoxides, the coordination chemistry of multidentate ligands that incorporate OC(CF3)2CR2-type moieties and additional donors (N, O, etc.) has been briefly investigated. In this Perspective, we review some well-defined, unambiguously authenticated main group and transition metal complexes supported by multidentate fluorinated alkoxide ligands and we present aspects of their syntheses, structures, and reactivities. The first part is devoted to the first syntheses of fluorinated alkoxy-imino and fluorinated alkoxy-amino ligand platforms and their application in the preparation of late transition (Ru, Co, Ir, Ni, Pd, Cu) and main group (Sr, Ba, Ga) metal complexes, many of which have been used as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) source reagents. In the second part, heteroleptic complexes based on oxophilic metals (Y, La, Ti, Zr, Hf, Al) and the catalytic performance of these systems in olefin polymerization and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters are highlighted
Long-run Performance Following Cross-Listing: A Re-examination
We analyze the long-run performance of the population of Canadian firms that cross-list in the US between 1990 and 2005, paying particular attention to cross-delisting companies. We ask why, since numerous firms cross-list to get the advantages associated with cross-listing, these firms' long-run performance is purportedly abnormally poor. Using robust empirical methods, we find no evidence of a significant underperformance by Canadian firms after cross-listing. Rather, we find that the previously documented underperformance following cross-listing can be traced to a combination of the choice of method, sample selection, and survival biases.
This is an up-date version of the working paper published on November 2007 under the same reference. Selon les Ă©tudes antĂ©rieures, le rendement Ă long terme des titres qui sâinscrivent aux Ătats-Unis (qui sâinterlistent) est anormalement faible. Nous rĂ©examinons ces rĂ©sultats, quâil est difficile de concilier avec les avantages procurĂ©s par cette opĂ©ration et qui ne permettent pas dâexpliquer le grand nombre dâinterlistages observĂ©s rĂ©cemment. Nous Ă©tudions la population des sociĂ©tĂ©s ouvertes canadiennes qui se sont inscrites aux Ătats-Unis entre 1990 et 2005, en utilisant diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodologies et indices. Une attention particuliĂšre est Ă©galement portĂ©e aux dĂ©sincriptions. En utilisant des mĂ©thodologies robustes, nous nâobservons aucune performance anormale suite Ă lâinterlistage des sociĂ©tĂ©s canadiennes. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que les rĂ©sultats antĂ©rieurs de sous performance Ă long terme pourraient provenir dâune combinaison de choix mĂ©thodologique et de biais de sĂ©lection et de survie.
Ce document est une mise Ă jour de celui-ci publiĂ© en novembre 2007 sous le mĂȘme numĂ©ro.international cross-listing, abnormal performance, event-time methods, calendar-time methods, international asset pricing mode, interlistage international, performance anormale, mĂ©thodes en temps Ă©vĂšnementiel, mĂ©thodes en temps calendaire, modĂšle dâĂ©valuation des actifs international
Competition and Survival of Stock Exchanges: Lessons From Canada
We analyze the competition between two developed stock exchanges. Their development rests
mainly on their capacity to attract securities and trades. The U.S. market is attracting a growing
number of Canadian companies, and is capturing a growing portion of their traded value. This
slide of trading toward the U.S. market is a huge challenge for Canadian policy makers, while
the efforts to compete with the U.S. market seem to be having only limited effects. We analyze the
implications of this situation for policy makers in Asia-Pacific, where several markets and
financial centers are attempting to emerge. Nous étudions la concurrence entre deux marchés boursiers développés, ceux du Canada et des
Ătats-Unis. Le dĂ©veloppement des Bourses repose en grande partie sur leur capacitĂ© Ă attirer et
retenir les inscriptions et les transactions. Le marché américain attire un nombre important de
sociétés canadiennes, et capture une proportion croissante des échanges de titres de ces sociétés.
Ce glissement des transactions représente un défi important pour le Canada dont les efforts pour
contrer cette évolution semblent avoir eu des effets limités. Nous analysons les implications de
cette situation en ce qui concerne la rĂ©gion Asie-Pacifique, oĂč une concurrence importante existe
entre les divers centres financiers en émergence.securities exchange, competition, cross-listed securities, Marché Boursier, concurrence, titres interlistés
Seasoned Equity Offerings by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Most of the analyses of small firmsâ decision to seek outside equity financing and the conditions thereof have concerned private firms. Knowledge of the risk and return of entrepreneurial ventures for outside investors is consequently limited. This paper attempts to fill this gap by examining the Canadian context, where small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are allowed to list on a stock market. We analyze seasoned equity offerings launched by SMEs over the last decade. These public issuers can be considered low quality firms with poor operating performance. Managers issue equity before a large decrease in operating and stock market performance. Individual investors do not price the stocks correctly around the issue and incur significant negative returns in the years following the issue. This is particularly true for constrained issuers. We confirm that entrepreneurial outside equity attracts lemons, and that individual investors cannot invest wisely in emerging ventures. Probably as a consequence of individual investorsâ lack of skill and rationality, the cost of outside equity financing of Canadian public SMEs is abnormally low. La plupart des analyses de la dĂ©cision et des conditions de financement des petites entreprises portent sur des entitĂ©s privĂ©es. Le risque et le rendement que ces entreprises reprĂ©sentent pour les investisseurs sont donc trĂšs mal connus. Ce papier tente de combler cette lacune en utilisant le contexte canadien, oĂč les petites et moyennes entreprises (PMEs) sont autorisĂ©es Ă sâintroduire en bourse. Nous analysons les financements par fonds propres levĂ©s par ces PMEs au cours de la derniĂšre dĂ©cennie. Ces Ă©metteurs peuvent ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©s comme des entreprises de faible qualitĂ© prĂ©sentant une piĂštre performance opĂ©rationnelle. Les dirigeants Ă©mettent des actions juste avant une forte diminution de la performance comptable et boursiĂšre. Les investisseurs individuels nâĂ©valuent pas correctement les actions au moment de lâĂ©mission et subissent des rendements nĂ©gatifs significatifs au cours des annĂ©es postĂ©rieures. Ceci est particuliĂšrement vrai pour les Ă©metteurs contraints financiĂšrement. Nous confirmons que le marchĂ© du financement externe des PMEs attire des « citrons », et que les investisseurs individuels ne peuvent pas investir de façon avisĂ©e dans les entreprises en dĂ©veloppement. ConsĂ©quence probable dâun manque dâexpĂ©rience et de rationalitĂ© des investisseurs individuels, le coĂ»t des fonds propres externes est anormalement bas pour les PMEs inscrites en bourse au Canada.financing decision, equity offerings, small business, long-run performance, cost of equity, financial constrain, dĂ©cision de financement, financement par fonds propres, petites entreprises, coĂ»t des fonds propres, performance, contrainte financiĂšre
Competition Among Securities Markets: Can the Canadian Market Survive?
According to Coffee (2002), the number of securities exchanges in the world is likely to eventually shrink radically, under the effects of globalization and technology, thus leading to the question of the survival of relatively small exchanges. However, little information exists regarding the current competitive position of the Canadian market, and there exists but scant evidence to document its evolution over the last decade. Two visions of the development of Canadian securities markets are proposed. Some view this market as thriving, observing no evidence that domestic capital markets have been abandoned by Canadian firms. In contrast, other authors depict the TSX as the âIncredible Vanishing Exchange,â asserting that it symbolizes the hollowing out of corporate Canada. In fact, Canadian firms represent the largest group of foreign stocks listed in the U.S. market, even though their number has apparently been decreasing since 1998. Our study presents evidence relative to the evolution and current competitiveness of the Canadian securities market. We also attempt to predict the effect competition will likely have on this market. Our general conclusion is that survival will probably constitute a real challenge for the Canadian securities market. Selon Coffee (2002), le nombre de Bourses dans le monde devrait diminuer radicalement, sous lâeffet de la mondialisation et de la technologie. On peut alors sâinterroger sur la survie des Bourses de petite taille. Peu dâinformations sont actuellement disponibles quant Ă la position compĂ©titive du marchĂ© boursier canadien et son Ă©volution au cours de la derniĂšre dĂ©cennie. Deux visions de son dĂ©veloppement sont avancĂ©es. Certains pensent que ce marchĂ© est florissant. Ils ne constatent aucune trace dâun abandon par les entreprises canadiennes. Ă lâopposĂ©, dâautres dĂ©crivent le TSX comme une Bourse en perte de vitesse, qui serait en train de disparaĂźtre. En fait, les entreprises canadiennes constituent le plus important groupe de titres Ă©trangers listĂ©s aux Ătats-Unis, mĂȘme si leur nombre semble diminuer depuis 1998. Notre Ă©tude analyse lâĂ©volution du marchĂ© boursier canadien et sa position compĂ©titive actuelle. Nous tentons de prĂ©voir lâeffet quâaura la concurrence sur ce marchĂ©. Notre conclusion gĂ©nĂ©rale est que son plus grand dĂ©fi est certainement sa survie.securities exchange, competition, cross-listed securities, marchĂ© boursier, concurrence, titres interlistĂ©s
The Costs of Issuing Private Versus Public Equity
Canadian listed firms issue private offerings more often than public offerings. Yet the issuing cost of private investments in public equity (PIPEs) has neither been analyzed nor compared with the cost of conventional seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). We examine a sample of 2,108 PIPEs and 1,990 SEOs completed between 1993 and 2003, and show that, as expected, PIPEs are discounted more than SEOs, although the commissions paid to investment bankers are lower. When we control for size and other characteristics of the issuers, the difference between the total costs is 4%. Although this figure is significant, if the PIPE process allows firms to obtain financing four or six months earlier than via SEOs, the price gap may be economically justifiable. This finding may explain the rapid growth of the Canadian PIPE market. Les sociĂ©tĂ©s canadiennes inscrites en Bourse se financent de plus en plus frĂ©quemment par placement privĂ©, les PIPES. Le coĂ»t de ce type dâĂ©mission nâa jamais Ă©tĂ© comparĂ© Ă celui des Ă©missions publiques subsĂ©quentes (SEO). Nous analysons un Ă©chantillon de 2018 PIPES et 1990 Ă©missions publiques, effectuĂ©es entre 1993 et 2003. Nous montrons que lâescompte est supĂ©rieur dans le cas des PIPEs, ce qui correspond aux attentes, mais les commissions payĂ©es aux courtiers sont infĂ©rieures. Lorsque la taille et les autres caractĂ©ristiques des Ă©missions sont prises en compte, la diffĂ©rence entre les deux catĂ©gories dâĂ©missions est de lâordre de 4 %. Cet Ă©cart est statistiquement significatif. Toutefois, dans la mesure oĂč lâĂ©mission privĂ©e peut permettre Ă lâentreprise dâobtenir les fonds six mois plus tĂŽt que lâappel public, il peut ĂȘtre Ă©conomiquement justifiĂ© de supporter ce coĂ»t supplĂ©mentaire. Cette situation pourrait expliquer la croissance des Ă©missions privĂ©es.private equity, issuing costs, seasoned equity, politiques publiques, financement des petites entreprises, incitatifs fiscaux, investisseurs providentiels
Stock Exchange Markets for New Ventures
In Canada, a venture stock market lists micro-capitalization firms that are at a pre-revenue stage, and competes with both formal and informal venture capital (VC). This market provides a higher rate of return and is able to provide seven times more new listings to the main exchange than the VC market. We do not evidence post-graduation underperformance, and indeed, new listings on a main exchange can succeed even if they originate from a public venture market. Our results do not support the theoretical arguments that confer specific advantages on the VCs with regard to screening, monitoring and exiting new ventures. Au Canada, un marchĂ© boursier de capital de risque inscrit des entreprises Ă trĂšs faible capitalisation, avant mĂȘme quâelles ne rapportent des revenus. Ce marchĂ© est en concurrence directe avec le capital de risque institutionnel et informel. Le taux de rendement de ce marchĂ© boursier est supĂ©rieur Ă celui du capital de risque, et ce marchĂ© amĂšne sept fois plus dâentreprises au marchĂ© principal, par « graduation », que ne le fait le capital de risque Ă la suite dâĂ©missions initiales. Nous nâobservons aucune performance anormale nĂ©gative Ă la suite des graduations. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent que le capital de risque canadien ne semble pas disposer des avantages que la thĂ©orie attribue gĂ©nĂ©ralement Ă ce type dâinvestisseurs en matiĂšre de sĂ©lection des projets, de supervision ou encore de capacitĂ© de disposition des placements.public venture capital, start-up, graduation, success rate, stock exchange, capital de risque, dĂ©marrage, graduation, marchĂ© boursier
Le coût du capital des entreprises à base de connaissance au Canada
The aim of this study is to measure the cost of capital of the Canadian knowledge based firms in order to compare it with other Canadian firms' cost of capital. To determine which firms are based on knowledge, we use the research and development ratio. Estimations are achieved with several models: historical return model, capital asset pricing model, and Fama-French (1993) three factor asset pricing model. We find that knowledge based firms have a cheaper cost of capital than others firms. This result raises heavy economical issues and may be linked with a research and development overinvestment problem. Encouraged by tax credits, firms could be induced to overstep their optimal research and development levels.
Cette étude propose une estimation du coût du capital-actions des entreprises à base de connaissance et une comparaison avec celui des entreprises qui n'appartiennent pas à cette catégorie, au Canada. La répartition dans les différentes catégories repose sur l'analyse des dépenses de R&D. Les estimations sont faites à l'aide de divers modÚles, dont les taux de rendement historiques, le CAPM et le modÚle à trois facteurs. La mise en évidence de rendements boursiers moins élevés des entreprises intensives en R&D et leur coût du capital généralement inférieur à celui des entreprises à bas niveau de R&D soulÚvent d'importantes questions en terme de politiques économiques. Il est en effet possible que ces résultats soient liés à un surinvestissement en R&D, stimulé par les crédits d'impÎt, qui conduirait les entreprises au-delà de leur optimum de R&D.Cost of capital, knowledge-based firms, R&D, Canada, Coût du capital-actions, entreprises à base de connaissance, R&D, Canada
Le placement privé dans les sociétés ouvertes : dimensions réglementaires, économiques et financiÚres
Private placements in public equity (PIPEs) are proliferating; in the United States, their growth is estimated at 30% per year. PIPEs are issued as part of prospectus exemptions. Because they can alleviate the financing difficulties of growing high tech companies, they should interest the authorities. In fact, the rise of this financing mode has raised several questions. PIPEs are generally issued at a price significantly below the market price before the issue, are followed by mediocre market and operating performances, but are preceded by a large increase in the stock price. In Canada, given that PIPEs are currently the preferred seasoned financing vehicle, it is worth exploring their impact on the liquidity and effectiveness of the stock market. This paper proposes a review of the legal and economic characteristics of this financing mode. Further, we highlight the research questions raised by the scant U.S. empirical evidence of this phenomenon.
Revised version in June 2005 Les placements privĂ©s dans les sociĂ©tĂ©s ouvertes (PIPEs) semblent connaĂźtre une croissance importante, estimĂ©e Ă 30% par annĂ©e aux Ătats-Unis. Les PIPEs sont Ă©mis dans le cadre de rĂ©gimes de dispenses, c'est-Ă -dire de dĂ©rogations Ă la rĂ©glementation des valeurs mobiliĂšres. Ils peuvent faciliter les financements des sociĂ©tĂ©s technologiques en croissance, auquel cas les pouvoirs publics devraient sây intĂ©resser. Lâexpansion de ce type de financement soulĂšve nĂ©anmoins plusieurs questions, qui demeurent pour le moment sans rĂ©ponse. Les PIPEs sont vendus Ă un prix sensiblement infĂ©rieur Ă celui qui prĂ©vaut sur le marchĂ© avant lâĂ©mission, sont suivis de performances boursiĂšres et opĂ©rationnelles mĂ©diocres mais prĂ©cĂ©dĂ©s de hausses importantes des cours. Au Canada, les PIPEs sont devenus le mode privilĂ©giĂ© dâĂ©mission subsĂ©quente des entreprises : quel est lâeffet de cette Ă©volution sur la liquiditĂ© et lâefficacitĂ© du marchĂ©? Nous proposons ici une revue des dimensions juridiques et Ă©conomiques de ce type de financement et mettons en Ă©vidence les multiples questions de recherche que soulĂšvent les quelques rĂ©sultats empiriques obtenus par les chercheurs amĂ©ricains qui se sont intĂ©ressĂ©s au phĂ©nomĂšne.
Version révisée en juin 2005private placement, public offering, securities regulation, placements privés, placements publics, réglementation des valeurs mobiliÚres
Gallium and indium complexes for ring-opening polymerization of cyclic ethers, esters and carbonates
International audienceOver the past five years, Ga(III) and most notably In(III) precursors have attracted a growing interest for application in ROP catalysis of cyclic esters, primarily lactide, and may now be considered as potentially efficient ROP initiators of cyclic esters/carbonates. Despite their higher cost (vs. Al), Ga and In derivatives exhibit key attractive features including: (i) Ga(III) and In(III) are biocompatible metal centers and (ii) their precursors are typically more stable than organoaluminum species in polar media. The present contribution reviews discrete Ga(III) and In(III) compounds thus far developed as ROP initiators of cyclic esters/carbonates. The very few reports on Ga(III)-mediated ROPs of cyclic ethers are also included. In addition to the ROP performances of such species, the synthesis and structural characterization of these initiators are also provided and thoroughly discussed with, whenever appropriate, the establishment of structure/reactivity relationships and mechanistic pathways
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