Women Creatives and Machismo in Mexican Advertising: Challenging Barriers to Success

This study explores the experiences of women working as creatives in Mexican advertising creative departments. It is based on 22 in-depth interviews and suggests that these women face significant challenges within the machismo culture, which permeates Mexican advertising creative departments. Mexico plays an important role in global advertising, particularly in Latin America, but in this country female workers only represent five per cent of those working in creative departments. This is the first study focused on Mexican women creatives in advertising, highlighting the confluence of advertising women creatives and Mexican culture. Analysis reveals ten subcategories which articulate the horizontal and vertical barriers women creatives in Mexico face. Additionally, two broad workplace cohorts emerge: “old glories,” the misogynist men creatives who have historically managed advertising creative departments; and “forward thinkers,” young women and men who work side-by-side within advertising creative departments, disregarding or embracing gender differences. The findings, contextualized by cultural and organizational feminist theories as well as power theory, expose a machismo environment within Mexican advertising creative departments

Creative women in Peru: outliers in a machismo world

Gender segregation begins early and is reinforced within the workplace. Advertising creative departments appear to have extreme gender segregation with women representing just 20% of all those working within creative departments worldwide. Yet, creativity does not depend on gender. Thus, the underrepresentation of women is particularly troubling. In Peru women comprise 3% to 10.4% of all people working in advertising creative, which suggests the situation for creative women in Peru is dire. In order to understand this phenomenon, and with the hope of finding solutions, this study uses indepth interviews to explore the experiences of Peruvian women working in advertising creative departments. The study investigates three primary aspects of Peruvian creative women’s experiences. First, it looks at relationships with colleagues and clients. Second, work/life balance is explored. Third, the study examines how the environment within creative departments constrains creative women’s employment and advancement opportunities. Findings suggest that Peruvian creative departments are strongly machismo environments where discrimination and gender segregation are staunchly entrenched. This machismo environment creates challenging relationships between creative women and their colleagues and clients, it negatively impacts creative women’s work/life balance and it leads to severely constrained hiring, promotion and retention of creative women in Peruvian advertising agencies. The discussion closes with suggestions to help creative women succeed in Peruvian creative departments

Surface Ocean Dispersion Observations From the Ship-Tethered Aerostat Remote Sensing System

Oil slicks and sheens reside at the air-sea interface, a region of the ocean that is notoriously difficult to measure. Little is known about the velocity field at the sea surface in general, making predictions of oil dispersal difficult. The Ship-Tethered Aerostat Remote Sensing System (STARSS) was developed to measure Lagrangian velocities at the air-sea interface by tracking the transport and dispersion of bamboo dinner plates in the field of view of a high-resolution aerial imaging system. The camera had a field of view of approximately 300 × 200 m and images were obtained every 15 s over periods of up to 3 h. A series of experiments were conducted in the northern Gulf of Mexico in January-February 2016. STARSS was equipped with a GPS and inertial navigation system (INS) that was used to directly georectify the aerial images. A relative rectification technique was developed that translates and rotates the plates to minimize their total movement from one frame to the next. Rectified plate positions were used to quantify scale-dependent dispersion by computing relative dispersion, relative diffusivity, and velocity structure functions. STARSS was part of a nested observational framework, which included deployments of large numbers of GPS-tracked surface drifters from two ships, in situ ocean measurements, X-band radar observations of surface currents, and synoptic maps of sea surface temperature from a manned aircraft. Here we describe the STARSS system and image analysis techniques, and present results from an experiment that was conducted on a density front that was approximately 130 km offshore. These observations are the first of their kind and the methodology presented here can be adopted into existing and planned oceanographic campaigns to improve our understanding of small-scale and high-frequency variability at the air-sea interface and to provide much-needed benchmarks for numerical simulations

Eulerian Dynamics and Lagrangian Transport at the Submesoscale and Below

The goal of this work is to study the Lagrangian and Eulerian properties of the scales below the mesoscale. In the last few years, developments in the observations and numerical modeling capabilities allowed to venture in the domain of the submesoscale (SM) opening a broad range of questions on the dynamics of these scales and their role in the ocean circulation. In the first part of this dissertation we investigate some of the properties of these scales while in the last part we enter the domain of the fully 3D dynamics with a study of dynamics of the convective mixed layer. The formation mechanism of SM is investigated in Chapter 2. In particular, we focus on the seasonality of SM. In order to approach this problem, a realistic simulation of the Gulf Stream (GS) region with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model is integrated for 18 months at two horizontal resolutions: a high-resolution (1/48th) simulation able to resolve part of the submesoscale regime and the full range of mesoscale dynamics, and a coarser resolution (1/12th) case, in which submesoscales are not resolved. Results provide an insight into submesoscale dynamics highlighting a clear seasonal cycle, with submesoscale features mostly present during winter. The limiting and controlling factor in the occurrence of submesoscales appears to be the depth of the mixed layer, which controls the reservoir of available potential energy available at the mesoscale fronts that are present most of the year. Atmospheric forcings are the main energy source behind submesoscale formation, but mostly indirectly through mixed layer deepening. This result represented the first evidence of seasonality of SM features and was successively confirmed by Shcherbina et al. (2013) via direct observations. SM features have been found to play an important role on ocean material transport, governing horizontal dispersion at the small scales Poje et al. (2014). Similarly, it is thought that SM features, given their large vertical velocities, might play an important role in the transport of biogeochemical nutrients in the upper ocean. In particular, vertical transport of nutrients is thought to be located mostly in ocean eddies. Motivated by the lack of a clear understanding of these processes in Chapter 3 we perform a set of numerical simulations in order to study some of the proposed vertical transport mechanisms. The MITgcm is integrated in four different configurations: two summer configurations with shallow mixed layer, one with wind and one without, and two winter simulations with deep mixed layer, one with wind and one without. The goal is to simulate the effect of Eddy- Ekman pumping and SM pumping. Results show that wind forced simulations present strong internal wave activity in the near-inertial band. Also, large vertical velocities are found in the mixed layer of the winter simulations. No clear sign of Eddy-Ekman pumping is observed in the vertical velocity field. In order to investigate the associated vertical transport, synthetic particles are released in all simulations. Results show that wind forced summer simulation can provide only weak vertical transport and that including a mixed layer and SM features, strong vertical transport is observed within the mixed layer and across the mixed layer and the water column. Motivated by the importance that SM plays on the dynamics of the upper ocean in Chapter 4 we venture into smaller scales trying to bridge the gap between the SM and the fully 3D dynamics of the upper ocean. Here we present results from two non-hydrostatic simulations of a weakly wind and buoyancy forced mixed layer with semi-realistic diurnal cycling. Both purely buoyancy-forced and wind- and buoyancy-forced flows are sampled using passive tracers, as well as 2D and 3D particles to investigate characteristics of horizontal and vertical dispersion. It is found through tracer releases that the surface patterns of the tracer were determined by the convergence zones created by buoyancy-driven convection within a time scale of a few hours. For pure convections the results display the classic signature of Rayleigh-Benard cells. When combined with a wind stress the convective cells become organized such that the along-wind length scale becomes much larger than the cross-wind scale of the convective cells. Relative dispersion computed by sampling the flow fields using both 2D and 3D particles shows Richardson regimes meaning that particle separation is driven by processes at the scale of the particle separation. Relative dispersion is found to be much higher in wind driven mixed layer and 2D surface-releases transitioned to Richardson regime faster in the wind forced simulation. We also show that the buoyancy-forced case results in significantly lower amplitudes of scale-dependent relative diffusivity, k_D (l), than those reported by Okubo (1970), but the wind- and buoyancy-forced case was in good agreement with Okubo’s diffusivity amplitude, and scaling was consistent with the Richardson law, k_D~ l^(4/3). These results represent a first investigation of the Lagrangian properties of the ∼3D flows of the upper ocean and suggest that transport is governed by local processes. The ultimate goal of this dissertation is to shed some light on the properties of the fine structure of the oceans in the belief that a complete understanding of the ocean dynamics cannot prescind from the understanding of its smaller scales.</p

Women Creatives and Machismo in Mexican Advertising: Challenging Barriers to success

This study explores the experiences of women working as creatives in Mexican advertising creative departments. It is based on 22 in-depth interviews and suggests that these women face significant challenges within the machismo culture, which permeates Mexican advertising creative departments. Mexico plays an important role in global advertising, particularly in Latin America, but in this country female workers only represent five per cent of those working in creative departments. This is the first study focused on Mexican women creatives in advertising, highlighting the confluence of advertising women creatives and Mexican culture. Analysis reveals ten subcategories which articulate the horizontal and vertical barriers women creatives in Mexico face. Additionally, two broad workplace cohorts emerge: “old glories,” the misogynist men creatives who have historically managed advertising creative departments; and “forward thinkers,” young women and men who work side-by-side within advertising creative departments, disregarding or embracing gender differences. The findings, contextualized by cultural and organizational feminist theories as well as power theory, expose a machismo environment within Mexican advertising creative departments.  Resumen: Creativas y machismo en la publicidad mexicana: Eliminando barreras hacia el éxitoEste estudio explora las experiencias de mujeres que trabajan en los departamentos creativos de las agencias de publicidad en México. Se han realizado 22 entrevistas en profundidad que sugieren que las creativas enfrentan desafíos significativos dentro de la cultura machista que impregna los departamentos creativos publicitarios. México desempeña un papel importante en la publicidad global, particularmente en América Latina, sin embargo, en este país, solo existe el 5 por ciento de mujeres creativas. Este es el primer estudio enfocado en mujeres creativas publicitarias mexicanas teniendo en cuenta el contexto cultural de México. El análisis revela diez subcategorías que articulan las barreras horizontales y verticales que enfrentan las mujeres creativas de este país. Además, surgen dos tendencias en el lugar de trabajo: old glories, hombres misóginos creativos que históricamente han administrado los departamentos creativos publicitarios y forward thinkers, mujeres y hombres jóvenes que trabajan codo con codo dentro del departamentos sin tener en cuenta las diferencias de género. Los hallazgos están contextualizados por los estudios culturales, las teorías feministas organizacionales y las teorías del poder, exponen la existencia de un ambiente machista en los departamentos creativos publicitarios mexicanos.

Creative women in Peru: outliers in a machismo world

Gender segregation begins early and is reinforced within the workplace. Advertising creative departments appear to have extreme gender segregation with women representing just 20% of all those working within creative departments worldwide. Yet, creativity does not depend on gender. Thus, the underrepresentation of women is particularly troubling. In Peru women comprise 3% to 10.4% of all people working in advertising creative, which suggests the situation for creative women in Peru is dire. In order to understand this phenomenon, and with the hope of finding solutions, this study uses indepth interviews to explore the experiences of Peruvian women working in advertising creative departments. The study investigates three primary aspects of Peruvian creative women’s experiences. First, it looks at relationships with colleagues and clients. Second, work/life balance is explored. Third, the study examines how the environment within creative departments constrains creative women’s employment and advancement opportunities. Findings suggest that Peruvian creative departments are strongly machismo environments where discrimination and gender segregation are staunchly entrenched. This machismo environment creates challenging relationships between creative women and their colleagues and clients, it negatively impacts creative women’s work/life balance and it leads to severely constrained hiring, promotion and retention of creative women in Peruvian advertising agencies. The discussion closes with suggestions to help creative women succeed in Peruvian creative departments

Mapping the environmental risk of a tourist harbor in order to foster environmental security: objective vs subjective assessments

A new definition of environmental security gives equal importance to the objective and subjective assessments of environmental risk. In this framework, the management of tourist harbors has to take into account managers’ perceptions. The subject of the present study is a tourist harbor in southern Italy where six different managers are present. This paper aims to assess subjectively and objectively the environmental risks associated with the harbor, and to compare the results to provide estimates of environmental security. Hereby managers have been interviewed and a simple model is used for making preliminary assessment of environmental risks. The comparison of the results highlighted a common mismatch between risk perception and risk assessment. We demonstrated that the old part of the harbor is less secure than the new part. In addition, one specific manager representing a public authority showed a leading role in ensuring the environmental security of the whole harbor