Ruminal Methane Production on Simple Phenolic Acids Addition in in Vitro Gas Production Method

Methane production from ruminants contributes to total global methane production, which is an important contributor to global warming. In this experiment, six sources of simple phenolic acids (benzoic, cinnamic, phenylacetic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids) at two different levels (2 and 5 mM) added to hay diet were evaluated for their potential to reduce enteric methane production using in vitro Hohenheim gas production method. The measured variables were gas production, methane, organic matter digestibility (OMD), and short chain fatty acids (SCFA). The results showed that addition of cinnamic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids at 5 mM significantly (P p-coumaric > ferulic > cinnamic. The addition of simple phenols did not significantly decrease OMD. Addition of simple phenols tends to decrease total SCFA production. It was concluded that methane decrease by addition of phenolic acids was relatively small, and the effect of phenolic acids on methane decrease depended on the source and concentration applied. Key words: methane, phenolic acids, in vitro, rume

Condensed Tannin Effects on Nitrogen Digestion in Ruminants: A Meta-analysis from in Vitro and in Vivo Studies

Statistical meta-analysis approach was conducted to quantify the effect of a wide range of dietary condensed tannin (CT) concentration on nitrogen digestion in  ruminants. A total of 19 studies from published papers and own previously unpublished studies comprising of 100 treatments were pooled in a database. The database was segregated into two categories based on different methods or systems where the experiments were carried out, i.e. in vitro (6 studies, 65 treatments) and in vivo experiments (13 studies, 35 treatments). Mixed model effects were applied to the data; different studies were treated as random effects whereas dietary CT (continuous predictor variable) was treated as fixed effects. The results showed that in the in vitro studies, organic matter digestibility (OMD) decreased linearly (P=0.002) as CT concentration in feed increased. Likewise, such linear decrease of OMD at increasing CT was observed in the in vivo studies (P < 0.001) as well as crude protein digestibility (CPD, P < 0.001). The variation on in vitro OMD was higher at lower level of CT. Nitrogen retention was not significantly affected by CT level. It was concluded that CT reduced nutrient digestibility in ruminants, but its effect on N retention was unclear from the present study

Glycerol as an Energy Source for Ruminants: a Meta-Analysis of in Vitro Experiments

Glycerol or glycerin is generally recognized as a safe compound to be used in animal feed, especially for ruminants. A number of in vitro studies related to glycerol supplementation in ruminant ration have been published but to date the results have not been summarized. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate in vitro digestibility, ruminal fermentation characteristics, total gas and methane production through the meta-analysis approach. Meta-analysis was applied to 13 experiments and 42 treatments dealing with glycerol supplementation in ruminants. Data were analyzed by general linear model procedure in which the glycerol levels and the different studies were treated as fixed effects. Results revealed that glycerol supplementation did not affect the in vitro digestibility and total VFA production, but significantly decreased molar proportion of acetate and iso-valerate (P<0.05). In contrast, molar proportion of propionate, butyrate, and valerate significantly increased, and thus the ratio of acetate to propionate declined linearly (P<0.05). Methane production decreased linearly and accompanied with an increase of total gas production with increasing levels of glycerol supplementation (P<0.05). It is concluded that the use of glycerol as an energy substitution in animal feed has no detrimental effects in the rumen and environmentally friendly

Penentuan Aktivitas Biologis Tanin Beberapa Hijauan Secara in Vitro Menggunakan \u27Hohenheim Gas Test\u27 Dengan Polietilen Glikol Sebagai Determinan

Leaves from trees are alternative source of forage for ruminant\u27s feed. However, most of the leaves contain high concentration of phenolic compounds, especially in the form of tannins. This experiment was aimed at quantifying biological activity of tannins using in vitro gas production method without and with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The leaves used in this experiment was Salix alba, Rhus typhina and Peltiphyllum peltatum. Several rumen fermentation variables, such as organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and total VFA production were measured. The results showed that crude protein, NDF and hemicellulose contents of S. alba leaves were the highest, while there was no difference in ADF content from the others. Biological activity of tannins in S. alba, R. Typhina and P. Peltatum were 0.7%, 45.7% and 122.6%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between total phenols and tannins biological activity (r=0.70; P < 0.05), whereas no significant correlation was found for total tannins and condensed tannins. It was concluded that the addition of PEG increased in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy and total VFA production after 24 hours incubation period

Teknologi Penyiapan Pakan Protein Moderate dan Strategi Penyiapannya untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Maggot : Preparation Technology of Moderate Protein Feed and Its Strategy to Increase Maggot Productivity

The aim of this research was to prepare moderate protein diet and evaluate its quality to increase maggot productivity. This research was conducted from the egg stage to the pre-pupae stage. One gram of larval eggs was&nbsp; used for each replication. The substrates used were fruit waste, household waste, and concentrate diet. This study used a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 6 replications.&nbsp; Treatments were P0 (control feed of fruit waste and household waste) and P1 (moderate protein treatment feed). Control feed and moderate protein treatment were given as much as 13 kg during maintenance.&nbsp; The variables measured were dry matter consumption (grams), maggot weight (grams), pre-pupae percentage, substrate reduction (%), FCR,&nbsp; bioconversion (%), and WRI (Waste Reduction Index). Data were analyzed using paired sample T test. The results showed that BSF larvae receiving moderate protein treatment were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) compared to control feed for&nbsp;&nbsp; substrate consumption parameters, substrate reduction, and WRI. The conclusion from this research is the quality of feed with moderate protein&nbsp; content of 18,30 % which was prepared using a crude protein and energy balance approach was better&nbsp; than feed based on papaya fruit waste and household waste seen from the aspect of&nbsp; increasing substrat reduction, improving performance, prepupa metamorphosis, and increasing bioconversion of&nbsp; BSF larvae. Key words:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; bioconversion, larvae BSF, maggot, performance, wast

Comparison Between Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants in Beef Products: A MetaAnalysis

Synthetic antioxidants are created through artificial synthesis, whereas natural antioxidants are created through natural synthesis in plants, animals, and microbes. Although synthetic antioxidants have been used previously, there has been a growing need in recent years for natural antioxidants, largely due to the negative consequences of synthetic antioxidants. Therefore, many current studies have focused on finding natural antioxidants in diverse plants. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of natural and synthetic antioxidants in beef products using a meta-analysis approach. The method included the stages of identification, selection, and conformity check. The selection process resulted in 12 articles obtained from the electronic database of Harzing’s Publish and Perish software. The metaanalysis model used in this study was random-effect model involving a positive control group (synthetic antioxidants) and an experimental group (natural antioxidants). The effect size and confidence interval were computed using the OpenMEE software, while the summary size and Egger’s test were obtained using JASP software. Results revealed that the addition of natural antioxidants showed comparable quality to synthetic antioxidants, as indicated by similar values between the two groups for the peroxide value, carbonyl content, metmyoglobin content, cooking loss, pH, and hue angle (P&gt;0.05). Natural antioxidants showed a higher value on b (yellowness) and chroma (P&lt;0.05). Parameters indicating lower value (P&lt;0.05) occurred in TBARS, a (redness), and L (lightness). In conclusion, the addition of natural antioxidants in beef products demonstrates comparable results and could be used as alternatives to synthetic antioxidants

Fermentabilitas Dan Kecernaan in Vitro Ransum Limbah Agroindustri Yang Disuplementasi Kromium Anorganik Dan Organik

Chromium is a trace element which has been considered essential for humans and animals since 1959. However, the effect of chromium on activity of rumen microorganisms has not been yet investigated. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of chromium supplementation to agroindustrial waste based diets on rumen microorganisms which was measured in vitro. Chromium supplement was in the form of anorganic and organic incoroporated to Rhizopus sp. fungus. Two experimental designs were used in this experiment. A completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 3 replications was used to measure dry matter and organic matter digestibilities (DMD and OMD). A factorial randomized block design 10 x 3 was used to measure total VFA and NH3 productions. Factor A was diet treatments and Factor B was fermentation period. Rumen fluid was used as block (replication). Treatments consisted of K1 (control diet), K2 (K1 + non mineral Rhizopus sp. fungus), A (K2 + anorganic Cr) with 4 levels of anorganic Cr (1, 2, 3, and 4 ppm), and O (K1 + organic Cr) with 4 levels of organic Cr (1, 2, 3, and 4 ppm). Incubation period was carried out for 1, 3, and 5 hours. The addition of non mineral Rhizopus sp. fungus (K2) decreased total VFA production from 110 to 59 mM (P < 0.05) and increased NH3production from 9.97 to 13.28 mM (P < 0.05). Supplementation of anorganic Cr decreased DMD and OMD compared to K2 (P < 0.05), but organic Cr supplementation increased DMD and OMD. Optimum level of organic Cr supplementation was 1 ppm and 4 ppm for anorganic Cr. This means that supplementation of organic Cr is four times more efficient than that of anorganic Cr

Nutrient Content, Protein Fractionation, and Utilization of Some Beans as Potential Alternatives to Soybean for Ruminant Feeding

This experiment aimed to determine nutrient content, protein fraction, and in vitro rumen fermentation of some alternative beans in comparison to soybean. Samples used were napier grass, soybean, redbean, groundnut, pigeonpea, cowpea, bambarabean, and mungbean. Samples were determined for their proximate composition, Van Soest’s fiber fraction, and Cornell protein fraction. The samples were subsequently evaluated for their fermentation characteristics and digestibility by using a two-stage in vitro rumen fermentation technique, maintained at 39 oC for 2 × 48 h. The in vitro incubation was performed in three consecutive runs by following a randomized complete block design in which each sample per run was represented by four fermentation tubes. Results revealed that all experimental beans contained high crude protein (CP), i.e. above 200 g/kg dry matter (DM), but only soybean and groundnut had CP contents higher than 300 g/kg DM. Redbean had the lowest crude fiber and acid detergent fiber contents among the beans. Soybean contained high proportion of rapidly degraded CP fraction, but low in slowly degraded and unavailable CP fractions. High proportion of slowly degraded CP fraction was found in redbean and bambarabean. Redbean, pigeonpea, cowpea, and mungbean were better than soybean, groundnut, and bambarabean with regard to DM degradability and DM digestibility values (P&lt;0.05). Concentration of total VFA was the highest in the incubation of redbean. It was concluded that groundnut, redbean, pigeonpea, cowpea, and mungbean have the potency to be used to substitute soybean for ruminant feeding

Pengaruh Penambahan Nano Zn Fitogenik Dalam Ransum Ayam Pedaging Terhadap Histomorfometri Usus

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari efek penambahan Nano Zn Fitogenik (NZF) terhadap histomorfometri (tinggi, lebar, kedalaman kripta dan luas permukaan) vili usus halus (jejunum) ayam pedaging. Penelitian ini menggunakan 360 ekor ayam broiler strain Lohman umur satu hari (Day Old Chick/DOC). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 6 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan; masing-masing unit percobaan terdiri dari 12 ekor DOC (6 jantan dan 6 betina). Perlakuan pakan yang diberikan, yatu ; R1 = pakan basal; R2 = R1 + Zn Sulfat (90 mg Zn/kg) + 5,32 mg/kg tepung daun jambu biji; R3 = R1 + NZF (45 mg Zn/kg); R4 = R1 + NZF (90 mg Zn/kg); R5 = R1 + NZF (135 mg Zn/kg); R6 = R1 + NZF (180 mgZn/kg). Variabel yang diamati adalah tinggi, lebar, kedalaman kripta dan luas permukaan vili usus halus (jejunum). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa menambahkan Nano Zn-Fitogenik (NZF) hingga dosis 180 mg Zn/kg dalam ransum ayam pedaging tidak mempengaruhi (P> 0,05) tinggi, lebar, kedalaman kripta dan luas permukaan) vili halus (jejunum). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan Nano Zn Fitogenik (NZF) sampai dosis 180 mg Zn/kg dalam ransum ayam pedaging tidak berdampak negatif terhadap histomorfometri (tinggi, lebar, kedalaman kripta dan luas permukaan) vili usus halus (jejunum) ayam pedaging

Screening Approaches for Methane Mitigating Potential of Tannin-containing Plants Under in Vitro Rumen Environment

The aim of the present study was to conduct univariate, bivariate and multivariate (principalcomponent analysis, PCA) approaches in the screening of tannin-containing plants from variouscollection sites for their CH4 mitigating properties. Plant samples were obtained from various collectionsites in different countries, i.e. Indonesia (n = 27 species), Mongolia (n = 14), Switzerland (n = 16) andGermany (n = 3). The plants were incubated in vitro with buffered-rumen fluid at 39oC for 24 h. Totalgas production was recorded as an indicator of feed quality and emission of CH4 was measured. Resultsshowed that, based on bivariate screening, generally, plants possessed low CH4 production had lowquality or low total gas production except Rhus typhina, i.e. 43 ml/200 mg DM. The loading plot of PCAshowed that all phenolic fractions were in the opposite direction with CH4 and total gas production.Plants clustered together in reverse direction to that of CH4 were Bergenia crassifolia root and leaf,Swietenia mahagoni, Clidemia hirta, Peltiphyllum peltatum, Acacia villosa and R. typhina. It wasconluded that, for tannin-containing plants, screenings based on univariate, bivariate and multivariateapproaches in relation to ruminal CH4 emission led to similar results