Epidemia asociada a Neisseria meningitidis detectada por Electroforesis Enzimática Multifocal

En Oregon y partes del Estado de Washington, la incidencia de la enfermedad producida por meningococo serogrupo B aumentó considerablemente en 1994. La subtipificación por electroforesis enzimática multifocal (MEE) de las cepas de N. meningitidis serogrupo B recolectadas en estas áreas durante 1993 y 1994, sugirió que estos aumentos eran debidos a un grupo de cepas relacionadas genéticamente del complejo enzimático del tipo-5 (ET- 5). Las cepas N. meningitidis serogrupo B ET-5 fueron primero reconocidas en Noruega en 1974 como la causa de la epidemia meningocócica que persistió hasta 1991. Desde 1974, el serogrupo B de meningococo del complejo ET-5 ha ocasionado epidemias en Europa, Cuba y Sudamérica; estas epidemias elevaron la tasa de enfermedad por muchos años en las áreas afectadas y condujo a esfuerzos sostenidos para el desarrollo de una vacuna. Este informe describe el uso de la MEE para comparar N. meningitidis invasiva serogrupo B, de cepas meningocócicas provenientes de Oregon y Washington, con las cepas de serogrupo B epidémicas de otros países y con cepas del serogrupo B que han ocasionado enfermedad endémica en otras partes de los Estados Unidos.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Improving polio vaccination during supplementary campaigns at areas of mass transit in India

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In India, children who are traveling during mass immunization campaigns for polio represent a substantial component of the total target population. These children are not easily accessible to health workers and may thus not receive vaccine. Vaccination activities at mass transit sites (such as major intersections, bus depots and train stations), can increase the proportion of children vaccinated but the effectiveness of these activities, and factors associated with their success, have not been rigorously evaluated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We assessed data from polio vaccination activities in Jyotiba Phule Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh, India, conducted in June 2006. We used trends in the vaccination results from the June activities to plan the timing, locations, and human resource requirements for transit vaccination activities in two out of the seven blocks in the district for the July 2006 supplementary immunization activity (SIA). In July, similar data was collected and for the first time vaccination teams also recorded the proportion of children encountered each day who were vaccinated (a new monitoring system).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In June, out of the 360,937 total children vaccinated, 34,643 (9.6%) received vaccinations at mass transit sites. In the July SIA, after implementation of a number of changes based on the June monitoring data, 36,475 children were vaccinated at transit sites (a 5.3% increase). Transit site vaccinations in July increased in the two intervention blocks from 18,194 to 21,588 (18.7%) and decreased from 16,449 to 14,887 (9.5%) in the five other blocks. The new monitoring system showed the proportion of unvaccinated children at street intersection transit sites in the July campaign decreased from 24% (1,784/7,405) at the start of the campaign to 3% (143/5,057) by the end of the SIA, consistent with findings from the more labor-intensive post-vaccination coverage surveys routinely performed by the program.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Analysis of vaccination data from transit sites can inform program management changes leading to improved outcomes in polio immunization campaigns. The number of vaccinated children encountered should be routinely recorded by transit teams and may provide a useful, inexpensive alternative mechanism to assess program coverage.</p

Rapid Assessment Tool for Haemophilus influenzae type b Disease in Developing Countries1

Haemophilus influenzae type b disease prevalence in children provides estimates of national disease prevalence

Participant and spectator scaling of spectator fragments in Au + Au and Cu + Cu collisions at √sNN = 19.6 and 22.4 GeV

Spectator fragments resulting from relativistic heavy ion collisions, consisting of single protons and neutrons along with groups of stable nuclear fragments up to nitrogen (Z=7), are measured in PHOBOS. These fragments are observed in Au+Au (√sNN =19.6GeV) and Cu+Cu (22.4 GeV) collisions at high pseudorapidity (η). The dominant multiply-charged fragment is the tightly bound helium (α), with lithium, beryllium, and boron all clearly seen as a function of collision centrality and pseudorapidity. We observe that in Cu+Cu collisions, it becomes much more favorable for the α fragments to be released than lithium. The yields of fragments approximately scale with the number of spectator nucleons, independent of the colliding ion. The shapes of the pseudorapidity distributions of fragments indicate that the average deflection of the fragments away from the beam direction increases for more central collisions. A detailed comparison of the shapes for α and lithium fragments indicates that the centrality dependence of the deflections favors a scaling with the number of participants in the collision.United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-AC02-98CH10886)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-FG02-93ER40802)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-FG02-94ER40818)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-FG02-94ER40865)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-FG02- 99ER41099)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-AC02-06CH11357)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant 9603486)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant 0072204)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant 0245011

Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Epidemia asociada a Neisseria meningitidis detectada por Electroforesis Enzimática Multifocal

En Oregon y partes del Estado de Washington, la incidencia de la enfermedad producida por meningococo serogrupo B aumentó considerablemente en 1994. La subtipificación por electroforesis enzimática multifocal (MEE) de las cepas de N. meningitidis serogrupo B recolectadas en estas áreas durante 1993 y 1994, sugirió que estos aumentos eran debidos a un grupo de cepas relacionadas genéticamente del complejo enzimático del tipo-5 (ET- 5). Las cepas N. meningitidis serogrupo B ET-5 fueron primero reconocidas en Noruega en 1974 como la causa de la epidemia meningocócica que persistió hasta 1991. Desde 1974, el serogrupo B de meningococo del complejo ET-5 ha ocasionado epidemias en Europa, Cuba y Sudamérica; estas epidemias elevaron la tasa de enfermedad por muchos años en las áreas afectadas y condujo a esfuerzos sostenidos para el desarrollo de una vacuna. Este informe describe el uso de la MEE para comparar N. meningitidis invasiva serogrupo B, de cepas meningocócicas provenientes de Oregon y Washington, con las cepas de serogrupo B epidémicas de otros países y con cepas del serogrupo B que han ocasionado enfermedad endémica en otras partes de los Estados Unidos.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria