What does it mean when we ask the public if they are “confident” in policing? The Trust, Fairness, Presence model of “public confidence”

‘Confidence’ is widely taken to be a crucial measure of the relationship between citizens and public services such as policing. It is acknowledged that confidence is multifaceted and hard to measure, but often discussions are based on one ‘headline’ rating of a single item, for instance: ‘What is your level of confidence in…’. The subsequent focus for research is explaining what might drive ‘confidence’, or what it might predict. We are interested in a more fundamental question: what does it mean when we ask the public if they are ‘confident’ in policing? To answer this, we analyse extensive and detailed survey data specifically designed to measure public confidence, within the jurisdiction of a UK police force – West Midlands Police. We develop then validate a three-part model of confidence as trust, fairness and presence, and find good evidence to support this model across different waves of the survey. This extends existing literature with implications for policy

Physical modelling of galaxy cluster Sunyaev-Zel'dovich data using Einasto dark matter profiles

ABSTRACT We derive a model for Sunyaev–Zel’dovich data from a galaxy cluster that uses an Einasto profile to model the cluster’s dark matter component. This model is similar to the physical models for clusters previously used by the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) consortium, which model the dark matter using a Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) profile, but the Einasto profile provides an extra degree of freedom. We thus present a comparison between two physical models which differ only in the way they model dark matter: one which uses an NFW profile (PM I) and one that uses an Einasto profile (PM II). We illustrate the differences between the models by plotting physical properties of clusters as a function of cluster radius. We generate AMI simulations of clusters that are created and analysed with both models. From this we find that for 14 of the 16 simulations, the Bayesian evidence gives no preference to either of the models according to the Jeffreys scale, and for the other two simulations, weak preference in favour of the correct model. However, for the mass estimates obtained from the analyses, the values were within 1σ of the input values for 14 out of 16 of the clusters when using the correct model, but only in 6 out of 16 cases when the incorrect model was used to analyse the data. Finally, we apply the models to real data from cluster A611 obtained with AMI, and find the mass estimates to be consistent with one another except in the case of when PM II is applied using an extreme value for the Einasto shape parameter.STFC

Microwave-promoted solvent free one-pot synthesis of triazolo[1,2-a] indazole-triones catalyzed by silica-supported La0.5Ca 0.5CrO3 nanoparticles as a new and reusable perovskite-type oxide

Microwave assisted solvent free synthesis of triazolo[1,2-a]indazole-1,3,8-triones through one-pot three-component reaction of dimedone, phenyl urazole and aromatic aldehydes is presented. The reaction process was catalyzed by La0.5Ca0.5CrO3 and silica-supported La0.5Ca0.5CrO3 nanoparticles as new perovskite-type catalysts. The nano catalyst was studied by XRD, SEM and IR characterization tools. Some advantages of the proposed approach include high yield, being eco-friendly, procedure convenience and reusability of the catalyst.               KEY WORDS: One-pot reaction, Triazolo[1,2-a]indazole trione, Perovskite oxide, Nano catalyst, Microwave, Solvent-free Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2018, 32(2), 239-248.DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v32i2.

Modeling of thermal pollution in coastal area and its economical and environmental assessment

The Persian Gulf is one of the aquatic ecosystems which has recently faced with different pollutions. Cooling water discharges due to various industries such as power plants can cause important disorders on present ecosystem balance because of its high temperature. Obviously, due to thermal pollution, a great number of aquatic creatures face with a new situation that they can not tolerate. Thermal pollution leads to their migration, creates a potential for new coming species which in turn can thoroughly change the marine ecosystem feature. The other impacts of this phenomenon are: disorders in reproduction, nourishment and other biological habits. In this research, thermal pollution due to Bandar Abbas Thermal Power Plant (BATP) development plan was modeled using MIKE21 software. In order to avoid a decrease on the power plant efficiency in development plan, the distance between inlet and outlet was determined by comparing the results of different scenarios and economical aspects. After determining the distance between inlet and outlet, the water temperature in the coastal area was compared with standards of Iranian Department of the Environment (DOE). The model results represent that the water temperature, in Bandar Abbas coastal area, exceeds than the permissible limit (3 °C) in a distance equal to 200 m. far from the discharging location, and in order to reduce its harmful impacts, some suggestions are made to reduce the associated thermal pollution

Anomalous rotational-alignment in N=Z nuclei and residual neutron-proton interaction

Recent experiments have demonstrated that the rotational-alignment for the $N=Z$ nuclei in the mass-80 region is considerably delayed as compared to the neighboring $N \ne Z$ nuclei. We investigate whether this observation can be understood by a known component of nuclear residual interactions. It is shown that the quadrupole-pairing interaction, which explains many of the delays known in rare-earth nuclei, does not produce the substantial delay observed for these $N=Z$ nuclei. However, the residual neutron-proton interaction which is conjectured to be relevant for $N=Z$ nuclei is shown to be quite important in explaining the new experimental data.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, final version accepted by Phys. Rev. C as a Rapid Communicatio