Effect of Health Belief Model based education on health literacy and smoking prevention among students

Abstract Background and Aim: Given the increasing trend of smoking among students and considering the potential of Health Belief Model (HBM) in predicting Health Literacy (HL) and smoking prevention as well as the role of HL in smoking prevention, this study aimed to determine the effect of HBM based education on HL and smoking prevention among students. Materials and Methods: The present work is a quasi-experimental interventional study that was conducted in 2017 among 120 non-smoking students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran (60 in each intervention and control group). Data gathering tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire based on the constructs of perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy from the HBM, smoking preventive behaviors and the HL Assessment Questionnaire (HELIA) completed in two stages before and 6 months after the education. The collected data were analyzed using proportional tests and SPSS software version 18. All stages of the study were conducted according to moral standards. Results: There was no significant difference between demographic and background variables. The mean scores of perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and self-efficacy, HL and preventive behaviors did not show any significant difference between both groups before the intervention (p>0.05). Following intervention, however, the mean scores of perceived susceptibility, benefits and self-efficacy, HL and preventive behaviors have changed significantly in experimental group as compared to control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Education based on constructs of perceived susceptibility, benefits, and self-efficacy could be effective in promoting HL and thus smoking prevention among non-smoker students. Keywords: Health Belief Model, Education, Health Literacy, Prevention, Smoking, Student

Studying the factors associated with Premenstrual syndrome prevention among pre-university students in Tehran

Context: Premenstrual syndrome is one of the common menstrual disorders in adolescents. Considering the destructive effects of this syndrome on adolescents’ activity and performance and the importance of epidemiological studies in designing preventive interventions, Aims: this study aimed to determine some of the factors associated with the prevention of premenstrual syndrome among adolescents. Settings and Design: In a cross-sectional study, 255 female high school students in Tehran were selected using multistage random sampling method. Methods and Material: The data were collected using a demographic and background questionnaire and a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess preventive behaviors of premenstrual syndrome. Statistical analysis used: The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and descriptive statistics and logistic regression.      Results: The mean (SD) score of adoption of preventive behaviors of premenstrual syndrome was 19.25 (0.63) out of 50, and it was low. Also, weekly physical activity, mother education level, and family income were the factors affecting the adoption of preventive behaviors of premenstrual syndrome (P<0.05).­­­ Conclusion: Due to the low adoption of preventive behaviors among students with lower income families, students with less physical activity and students with mothers with lower levels of education, it is suggested that more attention be paid to the above students in designing educational programs to promote the prevention of premenstrual syndrome. Keywords: Premenstrual Syndrome, Preventive behavior, Female Students­­ &nbsp

Factors associated with breakfast consumption based on Social Cognitive Theory in primary school students in Marivan City, 2017

Background and Aims: Social cognitive theory is one of the most effective theories used to predict the behavior of breakfast consumption and the teaching of nutritional behaviors. Considering the importance of breakfast consumption in the physical, psychological and social health of students, this study was conducted to determine the factors associated with breakfast consumption based on social cognitive theory in students. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive analytical study, 299 male and female elementary students in Marivan city were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data gathering tools included demographic and background questionnaire, as well as a valid and reliable questionnaire based on social cognitive theory about breakfast consumption. Data were analysed by SPSS software version 16 exploiting Chi-square and t-test.  All stages of the study were conducted according to moral standards.Results: Overall, 81.6% (n=244) of students showed a good pattern of breakfast consumption. The results of t-test revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between expected outcome, outcome evaluation, self-efficacy and self-regulation constructs among students with appropriate and inappropriate breakfast consumption pattern (P<0.001).Conclusion: Considering the existence of a significant relationship between the constructs of social cognitive theory and breakfast consumption in studied students, the constructs of this theory can be used to predict the factors influencing breakfast consumption in students and will be effective in promoting supportive breakfast consumption programs.Keywords: Breakfast consumption, Social Cognitive Theory, Students, Mariva

A study on the relationship between spiritual health and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases and one of the major health problems in all countries worldwide. Considering the role of mental health in improving the health and quality of life (QOL) of patients with chronic diseases, this study was carried out aiming to determine the relationship between spiritual health and QOL among patients with type 2 DM.METHODS: This was a correlation descriptive study in which 330 patients with DM were selected using systematic sampling. Demographic, spirituality (Parsian and Dunning), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaires were used for collecting data. Moreover, descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, simple linear regression, and multiple regression tests were exploited to analyze the data.RESULTS: The mean scores of the patients' spiritual health and QOL were 62.04 ± 14.36 and 67.85 ± 11.79, respectively. Spiritual health and all of its four dimensions had a direct and significant correlation with QOL. Meanwhile, two dimensions of self-awareness (r = 0.542) and spiritual needs (r = 0.511) had the highest correlation with QOL in these patients (P < 0.001). Furthermore, spiritual health and its two aspects, including self-awareness and spiritual needs had a significant effect on the QOL of the patients (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: The results showed that spiritual health affected QOL of the patients significantly; moreover, two of its dimensions, self-awareness and spiritual needs, had the greatest effect. Therefore, to improve the QOL of such patients, it is necessary to design and implement appropriate training programs with emphasis on these two dimensions

Prevalence of early childhood dental caries and some related factors among 3-6 year-old children in Marivan - 2016

Background and Aims: The early childhood caries has a high prevalence. Considering the importance of providing optimal solutions for increasing level of oral health and improving the health of children, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of early childhood caries and some related factors with it.  Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study in which the statistical population consisted of 3-6 years old children in kindergarten and preschools in Marivan city in 2016.Totally, 422 children were selected through multi-stage sampling. Two dental specialists were measured and recorded early childhood caries. A researcher-made checklist was also used for demographic and background variables. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and Logistic regression using the SPSS software (version 16). All stages of the study were conducted according to moral standards.Results: Based on the results, 306 children (75.2%) had Early Childhood Caries. The results of logistic regression showed that the Early Childhood Caries significantly associated with variables such as child age and parent's education level (diploma & collegiate vs. under the diploma) (P<0.05).   Conclusion: The prevalence of Early Childhood Caries was higher in children having father and mother with a subordinate level of education and children with higher age. Therefore, it is essential that these children pay more attention to the design of educational programs to maintain and promote the health of the teeth.  

تاثیر آموزش مبتنی بر الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی بر سواد سلامت و پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار در دانشجویان

Background and Aim: Given the increasing trend of smoking among students and considering the potential of Health Belief Model (HBM) in predicting Health Literacy (HL) and smoking prevention as well as the role of HL in smoking prevention, this study aimed to determine the effect of HBM based education on HL and smoking prevention among students. Materials and Methods: The present work is a quasi-experimental interventional study that was conducted in 2017 among 120 non-smoking students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran (60 in each intervention and control group). Data gathering tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire based on the constructs of perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy from the HBM, smoking preventive behaviors and the HL Assessment Questionnaire (HELIA) completed in two stages before and 6 months after the education. The collected data were analyzed using proportional tests and SPSS software version 18. All stages of the study were conducted according to moral standards. Results: There was no significant difference between demographic and background variables. The mean scores of perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and self-efficacy, HL and preventive behaviors did not show any significant difference between both groups before the intervention (p>0.05). Following intervention, however, the mean scores of perceived susceptibility, benefits and self-efficacy, HL and preventive behaviors have changed significantly in experimental group as compared to control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Education based on constructs of perceived susceptibility, benefits, and self-efficacy could be effective in promoting HL and thus smoking prevention among non-smoker studentsزمینه و اهداف: نظر به افزایش روند مصرف سیگار در بین دانشجویان و قابلیت الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی در پیشگویی سواد سلامت و پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار و نیز نقش سواد سلامت در پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار، این مطالعه با هدف تعیین تاثیر آموزش مبتنی بر الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی بر سواد سلامت و پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار در دانشجویان انجام شد.  مواد و روش­ها: این مطالعه مداخله‌ای از نوع نیمه­‌تجربی در سال 1396 و در میان 120 نفر از دانشجویان غیرسیگاری دانشگاه علوم­پزشکی­شهید­بهشتی­تهران (60 نفر در هر یک از دو گروه مداخله و کنترل) انجام شد. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها شامل پرسشنامه روا و پایای مبتنی بر سازه­های حساسیت، منافع و خودکارآمدی درک­شده از الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی، رفتارهای پیشگیرانه از مصرف سیگار و پرسشنامه سنجش سواد سلامت (HELIA) بود که در دو مرحله قبل و 6 ماه پس از آموزش تکمیل گردید. داده‌های گردآوری­شده با استفاده از آزمون‌های متناسب و نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 18 تحلیل شدند. تمامی مراحل مطالعه حاضر طبق موازین اخلاقی اجرا گردید.    یافته­ ها: قبل از آموزش، بین متغیرهای جمعیت­شناختی و زمینه­ای، میانگین سازه­های حساسیت، منافع و خودکارآمدی درک­شده، سواد سلامت و رفتارهای پیشگیرانه در دو گروه، تفاوت معنی­دار وجود نداشت (05/0P>). پس از آموزش، مقایسه دو گروه نشان داد که میانگین نمرات سازه­های حساسیت، منافع و خودکارآمدی درک­شده، سواد سلامت و رفتارهای­پیشگیرانه در گروه مداخله به­طور معناداری نسبت به­گروه کنترل، تغییر داشته­است (05/0P<).   نتیجه ­گیری: آموزش براساس سازه­های حساسیت، منافع و خودکارآمدی درک­شده، می­تواند در ارتقای سواد سلامت و در نتیجه پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار در دانشجویان غیرسیگاری موثر باشد

Psychometric properties of the scale on the related factors to smoking prevention among students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences based on Health Belief Model

زمینه و اهداف: علیرغم موثر بودن مداخلات مبتنی بر الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی بر ارتقای رفتارهای پیشگیرانه از مصرف سیگار و ضرورت پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار در بین دانشجویان، پرسشنامه استانداردی در این زمینه در ایران وجود ندارد. لذا در این مطالعه، محققان روایی و پایایی پرسشنامه عوامل مربوط به پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار در دانشجویان براساس الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی را مورد بررسی قرار دادند.     مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه مقطعی تحلیلی میان 348 نفر از دانشجویان خوابگاهی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی تهران در سال 1395 انجام شد. نمونه‌گیری به صورت خوشه‌ای یک مرحله‌ای انجام شد. برای بررسی روایی صوری و محتوایی از دو روش کیفی و کمی استفاده شد، برای بررسی پایایی پرسشنامه و روایی سازه آن از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ و تحلیل عاملی تائیدی استفاده شد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم افزارهای لیزرل 8/8  و SPSS نسخه 16 استفاده شد. تمامی مراحل مطالعه حاضر طبق موازین اخلاقی اجرا گردید.   یافته‌ها: ضریب تاثیر، نسبت روایی محتوا و شاخص روایی محتوا سازه‌های پرسشنامه به ترتیب در فاصله 4/5 -4/1، 0/97-0/79و 0/96-0/90 بود. مقادیر آلفای کرونباخ برای سازه‌های پرسشنامه بین 0/70 تا 0/90 به دست آمد. الگوی 5 عاملی شامل سازه‌های حساسیت، شدت، موانع، منافع و خودکارآمدی درک شده تایید گردید (3/25= X2/df، 0/96=CFI، 0/081=RMSEA). نتیجه‌گیری: پرسشنامه عوامل مرتبط با پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار براساس الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی از روایی و پایایی در جمعیت هدف دانشجویان برخوردار بود.Background and Aims: Despite the effectiveness of interventions based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on improving the smoking preventive behaviors and the necessity of smoking prevention among students, there is no standard questionnaire in this regard in Iran. Therefore, in this study, the validity and reliability of the scale related to the smoking prevention factors among students based on the HBM were assessed.   Materials and Methods: The present analytical cross-sectional study was carried out among 348 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, in 2016. Single-stage cluster sampling was conducted. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to assess the face and content validity. The reliability of the scale and the structure validity were determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory face analysis. Lisers 8.8 and SPSS 16 software were used to analyze the data. All stages of the study were conducted ethically.   Results: Impact score, content validity ratio and content validity index of the structures of the scale were in the range of 4.1 - 4.5, 0.79 - 0.97 and 0.90 - 0.96, respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for structures of the scale was obtained from 0.70 to 0.90. Five-factor model including perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers, benefits and self-efficacy were confirmed (RMSEA = 0.081, CFI = 0.96, X2/df = 3.25).    Conclusion: Scale on the related factors to the smoking prevention based on HBM had the validity and reliability in the target population of the students

Relationship of Health Literacy and Quality of Life in Adults Residing in Karaj, Iran

Background and Objective: Health literacy as one of the most important issues for promoting public health has gained the attention of policy makers. The quality of life and striving to promote it play an important role in individual and social health. Due to the role of adults as a productive group in the community, we aimed to determine the relationship between health literacy and quality of life in adults. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 256 adults aged 18 to 65 years in Karaj, Iran, 2016. The participants were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the Health Literacy Inventory for Adults (HELIA) and the Quality of Life questionnaire (SF-12). Then, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS, version 21. Results: In this study, 24.2% (n=62) of the participants had inadequate health literacy and 23.4% (n=60) had relatively adequate health literacy. The mean±SD scores of quality of life in the physical health and mental health domains, as well as the overall quality of life were 16.24±2.68, 20.43±3.89, and 36.68±5.82 out of 48, respectively. Health literacy had a significant positive correlation with physical and mental dimensions of quality of life and overall quality of life (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the relationship between health literacy and dimensions of quality of life, it seems necessary to focus more attention on improving people's health literacy, especially adults with inadequate health literacy, in quality of life promotion programs

عوامل مرتبط با مصرف صبحانه بر اساس نظریه شناختی اجتماعی در دانش‌آموزان مقطع ابتدایی شهر مریوان در سال 1396

Background and Aims:&nbsp;Social cognitive theory is one of the most effective theories used to predict the behavior of breakfast consumption and the teaching of nutritional behaviors. Considering the importance of breakfast consumption in the physical, psychological and social health of students, this study was conducted to determine the factors associated with breakfast consumption based on social cognitive theory in students.&nbsp; Materials and Methods:&nbsp;In this cross-sectional descriptive analytical study, 299 male and female elementary students in Marivan city were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data gathering tools included demographic and background questionnaire, as well as a valid and reliable questionnaire based on social cognitive theory about breakfast consumption. Data were analysed by SPSS software version 16 exploiting Chi-square and t-test.&nbsp; All stages of the study were conducted according to moral standards. Results:&nbsp;Overall, 81.6% (n=244) of students showed a good pattern of breakfast consumption. The results of t-test revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between expected outcome, outcome evaluation, self-efficacy and self-regulation constructs among students with appropriate and inappropriate breakfast consumption pattern (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion:&nbsp;Considering the existence of a significant relationship between the constructs of social cognitive theory and breakfast consumption in studied students, the constructs of this theory can be used to predict the factors influencing breakfast consumption in students and will be effective in promoting supportive breakfast consumption programs.زمینه و اهداف: نظریه شناختی اجتماعی یکی از کارآمدترین نظریه­های مورد استفاده جهت پیش­گویی رفتار مصرف صبحانه و آموزش رفتارهای تغذیه­ای می­باشد. نظر به اهمیت مصرف صبحانه در سلامت جسمي، رواني و اجتماعي دانش­آموزان، این مطالعه با هدف تعیین عوامل مرتبط با مصرف صبحانه براساس نظریه شناختی اجتماعی در دانش­آموزان انجام گرفت. &nbsp; مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش یک مطالعه توصیفی تحلیلی از نوع مقطعی بود. در این مطالعه، 360 نفر از دانش­آموزان پسر و دختر مقطع ابتدایی شهر مریوان با روش نمونه گیری خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای، انتخاب و وارد مطالعه شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات، شامل پرسشنامه‌های ویژگی‌های جمعیتی و زمینه‌ای و پرسشنامه روا و پایای موجود براساس نظریه شناختی اجتماعی درباره مصرف صبحانه بود. پس از جمع‌آوری، داده‌ها وارد نرم افزارSPSS &nbsp;نسخه 16 شدند و با کمک آزمون‌های آماری کای دو و t-test، تحلیل شدند. تمامی مراحل مطالعه حاضر طبق موازین اخلاقی اجرا گردید. &nbsp; یافته‌ها: 6/81 درصد (244 نفر) از دانش‌آموزان دارای الگوی مناسبی از مصرف صبحانه بودند. نتایج آزمون تی‌تست نشان داد که تفاوت آماری معنی‌دار بین سازه‌های پیامد انتظار، ارزشیابی پیامد، خودکارآمدی و خودتنظیمی بین دانش­آموزان با الگوی مناسب و نامناسب مصرف صبحانه، وجود داشت (001/0&gt;P). &nbsp; نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به وجود ارتباط معنی‌دار بین سازه‌های نظریه شناختی اجتماعی و مصرف صبحانه در دانش‌آموزان، سازه‌های این نظریه می‌تواند عوامل پیشگویی کننده مصرف صبحانه در دانش‌آموزان را بیازماید و برای ارتقای برنامه‌های حمایت کننده از مصرف صبحانه موثر واقع شود

Evaluation of factors affecting on the incidence of anxiety disorders and generalized anxiety in children in Bushehr in 2019: *Anxiety in preschool children

زمینه و اهداف: اختلالات اضطرابی، شایعترین اختلال روانی کودکان است که شیوع بالایی در ایران دارد. شناسایی علل و &nbsp;تشخیص زود هنگام این گروه از اختلالات &nbsp;می‌تواند اثرات طولانی مدت آن را به حداقل برساند.لذا هدف از این مطالعه بررسی عوامل‌ مؤثر در بروز اختلالات اضطرابی و اضطراب فراگیر درکودکان شهر بوشهر می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه از نوع مقطعی است که در سال ۱۳۹۸ در شهر بوشهر انجام شد. جامعه پژوهش، تمام کودکان ۴تا ۶ سال پیش دبستانی و مهدکودک های این شهر بودندکه به صورت خوشه ای از بین آنها ، نمونه ای به حجم &nbsp;428 انتخاب شد. ابزار پژوهش، پرسشنامه سنجش اضطراب اسپنس (فرم والدین) بود. به منظور توصیف و تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از روش‌های آمار توصیفی (فراوانی و درصد) و آمار استبناطی (آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون تعقيبي شفه) در سطح معنی‌داری 5 درصد در محیط نرم افزار SPSS نسخه ۲۴ استفاده گردید. یافته­ ها: تعداد اعضای خانواده (003/0=P-value)، تحصیلات پدر (00۱/0=P-value) و مادر (00۱/0=P-value)، وضعیت اشتغال پدر (0۳/0=P-value) و جدايي والدین از یکدیگر (00۲/0=P-value)، نوع سرپرست (00۱/0P-value&lt;) و سابقه رویداد ناخوشایند &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(00۱/0 P-value&lt;) در بروز اضطراب فراگیر کودکان موثر بودند. همچنین&nbsp; بروز همه انواع اختلالات اضطرابی مورد بررسی، سطح تحصیلات والدین ، سابقه رویداد ناخوشایند و تعداد اعضای خانواده (به جز در جراحات جسمانی) نقش داشته­اند. نتیجه‌گیری: براساس یافته‌های این پژوهش، عوامل اجتماعی و فرهنگی خانواده نقش زیادی در اضطراب کودکان دارد. بنابراین لازم است آموزش‌های والدین جهت پیشگیری از ابتلا کودکان به اضطراب، مد نظر سیاست‌گذاران حوزه سلامت قرار گیرد.Background and Aims: Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in children, which are highly prevalent in Iran. Identifying the causes and early diagnosis of this group of disorders can minimize its long-term effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting in the incidence of generalized anxiety and anxiety disorders in children in Bushehr. &nbsp;Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Bushehr in 2019. The study population consisted of all children aged 4 to 6 years of preschool and kindergartens of this city, among whom a sample of 428 was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research instrument was the Spence Anxiety Inventory (Parent Form). In order to describe and analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and based statistics (one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc test) were used at a significant level of 5% in SPSS software version 24. Results: The number of family members (p-value = 0.003), father's education (p-value = 0.001) and mother's education (p-value = 0.001), father's employment status (p-value = 0.03) and parental separation (p-value = 0.002), type of caregiver (p-value &lt; 0.001) and unpleasant events history (p-value &lt; 0.002) were effective in the incidence of generalized anxiety in children. Also, all types of anxiety disorders, parents' education level, unpleasant event history and number of family members (except in physical injuries) have played a role. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, social and cultural factors of the family play a major role in children's anxiety. Therefore, it is necessary that parents' education to be considered by health policy makers to prevent children from developing anxiety