Evaluation of Internet Generations on Wireless Network: A Survey

In the recent era, the demand of the internet is increasing. The Internet is global computer network that provide the sharing of data and information. Internet is useful in every field. It modifies the way of working, living style and contributed positive impact on our life. With the raising of the demand new tools and technologies are developed. The internet is classified in various generations depends on the functionality and key features. In this paper the generations of the internet and functionality are discussed. The internet has 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 that provides internet protocols. Internet 4.0 and 5.0 are grownup and it works on wireless and sensor network devices. With the development of new generation the data rate, flexibility, Quality of service, performance and many other features are improved. In this survey focus on the features, techniques and tools provided by each generation

To Study efficacy and safety of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke

Background: Stroke is a medical emergency with mortality rate higher than most forms of cancer. Acute ischemic stroke is a complex entity with variable clinical manifestations depending on the site and extent of infarction. Besides standard treatment given to the patients, neuroprotection is being targeted to antagonize molecular events that lead to irreversible ischemic injury.Methods: In this study, role of Citicoline in acute ischemic stroke was studied. It was open label study of 12 weeks duration undertaken in Medicine department (emergency unit) of Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Vallah, Amritsar. Total 40 patients were randomly divided into Group 1 and Group 2. Group 1 received standard treatment for acute ischemic stroke and Group 2 received citicoline in addition to standard treatment. Patients were assessed at admission and after every 24 hours till hospital discharge. Follow up of the patients was done at three weeks, six weeks and twelve weeks after discharge using National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) and Modified Barthel Index (MBI). The data was statistically analysed using Mann Whitney test.Results: No significant difference was found between two groups with respect to MRS and MBI score throughout the study period. Statistically significant improvement was seen in citicoline group on NIHSS score by 2nd and 3rd day of admission and then on 12th week.Conclusions: Citicoline was found to be safe but with no statistically significant difference in treatment outcome between two groups

Hollow Silica Particles: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives

Hollow silica particles (or mesoporous hollow silica particles) are sought after for applications across several fields, including drug delivery, battery anodes, catalysis, thermal insulation, and functional coatings. Significant progress has been made in hollow silica particle synthesis and several new methods are being explored to use these particles in real-world applications. This review article presents a brief and critical discussion of synthesis strategies, characterization techniques, and current and possible future applications of these particles

RELIABILITY AND PROFIT EVALUATION OF COMPRESSOR SYSTEM DESCRIBING FAILURES AND DEAL WITH FAILED UNIT ON PRIORITY

The paper presents reliability and profit evaluation of compressor standby system comprising of two units.Initially one unit is operative and the other is in standby state. On failure of any one of the compressor unit, the standby unit becomes operative to keep the system in operating state. If both the compressor units get failed then system goes to down state. Here compressor unit can fail due to three types of failure which are serviceable, repairable and replaceable type. Out of two compressor units, the unit which fail earlier will get facility of service, repair or replacement. System is analyzed and expressions for various reliability measures such as MTSF, Availability, Busy periods for varioustypes of failures and profit etc have been computed numerically by using semi-Markov process and regenerative point technique Graphs for profit are plotted for making the present study more useful

Experimental Analysis of Distributed Routing Algorithms in Ad Hoc Mobile Networks

AbstractWireless networks can be classified in two types: infrastructured wireless networks and infrastructureless (ad hoc) wireless networks. Ad hoc networks are characterized by the need for efficient routing protocols. According to previous research, the Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) routing protocol and the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol are two good representatives for each routing protocol category, Table-Driven category and On Demand category respectively. This paper analyses via simulation their performance with respect to the pause time of nodes movement. We find which routing protocol is appropriate for certain network conditions. When the nodes move continually then AODV seems to be better than DSDV. When nodes stay unmoving for a long time then DSDV is preferable

Photonic Interaction Between Quantum Dots And Gold Nanoparticles In Discrete Nanostructures Through Dna Directed Self-Assembly

Discrete nanostructures of CdSe@ZnS QDs and Au NPs were prepared and the photonic interactions between the QDs and Au NPs were systematically investigated. We found that the Au/QD ratio, separation distances between Au NPs and QDs, and the size of the Au NPs in a given discrete nanostructure all affect the interaction between Au NPs and QDs. © 2010 The Royal Society of Chemistry

Distance-Dependent Interactions Between Gold Nanoparticles And Fluorescent Molecules With Dna As Tunable Spacers

Using stoichiometrically controlled 1:1 functionalization of gold nanoparticles with fluorescent dye molecules in which the dye molecule is held away from the particle surface by a rigid DNA spacer allows precise determination of the distance-dependent effect of the metal nanoparticles on fluorescence intensity. Two dyes were studied, Cy3 and Cy5, with two sizes of nanoparticles, 5 and 10nm. The larger the particle, the more quenching of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity, due to increased overlap of the dye\u27s emission spectrum with the Au surface plasmon resonance. Fluorescence is quenched significantly for distances somewhat larger than the particle diameter, in good agreement with the predictions of an electrodynamics model based on interacting dipoles. The distance dependence of surface energy transfer behavior, i.e.quenching efficiency, is proportional to 1/d4, which involves no consideration of the size of the particle and the spectral overlap of the dye and AuNp. This surface energy transfer model is found qualitatively and agrees with the electrodynamic model, though the exponent is greater than 4 for the smaller nanoparticles (5nm), and smaller than 4 for the larger nanoparticles (10nm). © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd

Hollow Silica Particles: A Novel Strategy for Cost Reduction

Thermal insulation materials are highly sought after for applications such as building envelopes, refrigerators, cryogenic fuel storage chambers, and water supply piping. However, current insulation materials either do not provide sufficient insulation or are costly. A new class of insulation materials, hollow silica particles, has attracted tremendous attention due to its potential to provide a very high degree of thermal insulation. However, current synthesis strategies provide hollow silica particles at very low yields and at high cost, thus, making the particles unsuitable for real-world applications. In the present work, a synthesis process that produces hollow silica particles at very high yields and at a lower cost is presented. The effect of an infrared heat absorber, carbon black, on the thermal conductivity of hollow silica particles is also investigated and it is inferred that a carbon black–hollow silica particle mixture can be a better insulating material than hollow silica particles alone