4 research outputs found
Pendekatan Qspm Sebagai Dasar Perumusan Strategi Peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Batang, Jawa Tengah
The aim of this research is to analyse of increasing Local Original Income (LOI) strategy and his influence to increasing the regional income. The research was done at Local Government Income of Batang regency. This research also want to know that the LOI strategy was based on the potencies and opportunities. The analyzing use the IFE, EFE, SWOT, and then QSPM to choose strategic formulation; and proportion models. The result of Internal ā External analysis show that increasing strategy of LOI have not based on the potencies and opportunities that they have yet. The Local Government Income of Batang Regency needs the intensification strategy for increasing the LOI. By the QSPM analysis, the Local Government Income of Batang Regency needs extensification strategy for LOI acceptance
Preparation of a Diphosphine with Persistent Phosphinyl Radical Character in Solution: Characterization, Reactivity with O<sub>2</sub>, S<sub>8</sub>, Se, Te, and P<sub>4</sub>, and Electronic Structure Calculations
A new, easily synthesized diphosphine based on a heterocyclic
1,3,2-diazaphospholidine
framework has been prepared. Due to the large, sterically encumbering
Dipp groups (Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) on the heterocyclic ring,
the diphosphine undergoes homolytic cleavage of the PāP bond
in solution to form two phosphinyl radicals. The diphosphine has been
reacted with O<sub>2</sub>, S<sub>8</sub>, Se, Te, and P<sub>4</sub>, giving products that involve insertion of elements between the
PāP bond to yield the related phosphinic acid anhydride, sulfide/disulfide,
selenide, telluride, and a butterfly-type perphospha-bicyclobutadiene
structure with a <i>trans</i>,<i>trans</i>-geometry.
All molecules have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy,
elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Variable-temperature
EPR spectroscopy was utilized to study the nature of the phosphinyl
radical in solution. Electronic structure calculations were performed
on a number of systems from the parent diphosphine [H<sub>2</sub>P]<sub>2</sub> to amino-substituted [(H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>P]<sub>2</sub> and cyclic amino-substituted [(H<sub>2</sub>C)<sub>2</sub>(NH)<sub>2</sub>P]<sub>2</sub>; then, bulky substituents (Ph or Dipp)
were attached to the cyclic amino systems. Calculations on the isolated
diphosphine at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level show that the homolytic cleavage
of the PāP bond to form two phosphinyl radicals is favored
over the diphosphine by ā¼11 kJ/mol. Furthermore, there is a
significant amount of relaxation energy stored in the ligands (52.3
kJ/mol), providing a major driving force behind the homolytic cleavage
of the central PāP bond
Preparation of a Diphosphine with Persistent Phosphinyl Radical Character in Solution: Characterization, Reactivity with O<sub>2</sub>, S<sub>8</sub>, Se, Te, and P<sub>4</sub>, and Electronic Structure Calculations
A new, easily synthesized diphosphine based on a heterocyclic
1,3,2-diazaphospholidine
framework has been prepared. Due to the large, sterically encumbering
Dipp groups (Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) on the heterocyclic ring,
the diphosphine undergoes homolytic cleavage of the PāP bond
in solution to form two phosphinyl radicals. The diphosphine has been
reacted with O<sub>2</sub>, S<sub>8</sub>, Se, Te, and P<sub>4</sub>, giving products that involve insertion of elements between the
PāP bond to yield the related phosphinic acid anhydride, sulfide/disulfide,
selenide, telluride, and a butterfly-type perphospha-bicyclobutadiene
structure with a <i>trans</i>,<i>trans</i>-geometry.
All molecules have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy,
elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Variable-temperature
EPR spectroscopy was utilized to study the nature of the phosphinyl
radical in solution. Electronic structure calculations were performed
on a number of systems from the parent diphosphine [H<sub>2</sub>P]<sub>2</sub> to amino-substituted [(H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>P]<sub>2</sub> and cyclic amino-substituted [(H<sub>2</sub>C)<sub>2</sub>(NH)<sub>2</sub>P]<sub>2</sub>; then, bulky substituents (Ph or Dipp)
were attached to the cyclic amino systems. Calculations on the isolated
diphosphine at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level show that the homolytic cleavage
of the PāP bond to form two phosphinyl radicals is favored
over the diphosphine by ā¼11 kJ/mol. Furthermore, there is a
significant amount of relaxation energy stored in the ligands (52.3
kJ/mol), providing a major driving force behind the homolytic cleavage
of the central PāP bond
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Studies of PPh<sub>3ā<i>n</i></sub>(dipp)<sub><i>n</i></sub> (dipp = 2,6-Diisopropylphenyl): Steric and Electronic Effects on the Chemical and Electrochemical Oxidation of a Homologous Series of Triarylphosphines and the Reactivities of the Corresponding Phosphoniumyl Radical Cations
Activation barriers to the electrochemical
oxidation for the series
PPh<sub>3ā<i>n</i></sub>(dipp)<sub><i>n</i></sub> (dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) in CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>/Bu<sub>4</sub>NPF<sub>6</sub> were measured using large amplitude
FT ac voltammetry. Increasing substitution across this series, which
offers the widest range of steric requirements across any analogous
series of triarylphosphines reported to date, increases the energetic
barrier to electron transfer; values of 18, 24, and 25 kJ mol<sup>ā1</sup> were found for compounds with <i>n</i> =
1, 2, and 3, respectively. These values are significantly greater
than those calculated for outer sphere activation barriers, with deviations
between observed and calculated values increasing with the number
of dipp ligands. This suggests that the steric congestion afforded
by these bulky substituents imposes significant reorganizational energy
on the electron transfer processes. This is the first investigation
of the effect of sterics on the kinetics of heterogeneous electron
transfer across a structurally homologous series. Increased alkyl
substitution across the series also increases the chemical reversibility
of the oxidations and decreases the oxidation peak potentials. As
the compounds for which <i>n</i> = 1 and 2 are novel, the
synthetic strategies employed in their preparation are described,
along with their full spectroscopic, physical, and crystallographic
characterization. Optimal synthesis when <i>n</i> = 1 is
via a Grignard reagent, whereas when <i>n</i> = 2 an aryl
copper reagent must be employed, as use of a Grignard results in reductive
coupling. Chemical oxidation studies were performed to augment the
electrochemical work; the O, S, and Se oxidation products for the
parent triarylphosphines for which <i>n</i> = 1 and 2 were
isolated and characterized