Traffic significance of Bjelovar-Bilogora County for Pannonic Croatia

Iako su grad Bjelovar i Bjelovarsko-bilogorska županija smješteni u sre dišnjem dijelu hrvatskoga panonskog prostora, njihov prometni značaj nij e došao do punog izražaja zbog nedovoljne razvijenosti infrastrukture ces tovnoga i željezničkog prometa. Najznačajniji hrvatski i međunarodni ces tovni i željeznički koridori u povezivanju Istoka i Zapada prelaze posavskim i podravskim područjem. Glavni tokovi od sjevera prema jugu idu od Budimpešte preko Zagreba prema Rijeci te od Osijeka prema Pločama. Kvalitetnije pa i nove cestovne i željezničke veze od Pečuha preko Bjelovara i Zagreba te Banje Luke i Gradiške preko Daruvara prema Varaždinu mogu u budućnosti znatno poboljšati prometni značaj Bjelovara i Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije. Kvalitetna cestovna veza Bjelovar – Čazma – Petrinja – Krnjak – Ogulin mogla bi rasteretiti postojeće ceste od Mađarske preko Varaždina i Zagreba prema Kvarnerskom zaljevu.Although the town of Bjelovar and the Bjelovar-Bilogora County are located in the middle part of the Croatian Pannonian area, their traffic significance has not been fully shown due to insufficiently developed infrastructure of the road and the railroad traffic. The most important Croatian and international road and railroad corridors to connect the East and the West cross the Sava River basin and the Drava River basin area. Main routes go from the North towards the South, from Budapest, through Zagreb and towards Rijeka, and from Osijek towards Ploče. Higher quality road and railroad connections from Pécs through Bjelovar, Zagreb, Banja Luka and Gradiška, through Daruvar towards Varaždin can considerably improve the traffic significance of Bjelovar and the Bjelovar Bilogora County in the future. Quality road connections such as Bjelovar – Čazma – Petrinja – Krnjak - Ogulin could lower the traffic intensity of the existing roads from Hungary through Varaždin and Zagreb towards Kvarner bay

COGNITIVE APPROACH TO THE ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF THE WORK AND TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT

Multidisciplinarna ergoprosudba sustava čovjek – stroj – okoliš od dizajnera upravljačnica i prometnih procesa zahtijeva znanja i vještine iz tzv. netehničkih znanosti. Nedopustiva je okolnost istraživanje ponašanja vozača i/ili projektiranje prometnih procesa samo prema klasičnom biheviorističkom pristupu na temelju objektivnog statističkog rizika nakon ekspertiza prometnih nesreća, kada je već od 80-ih godina prošlog stoljeća u Europi konstatirano da statistički objektivni rizik nije odrednica ponašanja vozača. Subjektivni rizik postaje jednak objektivnom statističkom riziku jedino u trenutku kada vozač postupa na granicama svoje sposobnosti, zadaća tada postaje preteška i vjerojatan je gubitak kontrole nad vozilom bez ITS-a ili sustava za pomoć vozaču koji bi eliminirali ili smanjili utjecaj čimbenika smetnje. Udjel „ljudskog faktora“ nije isti kod biheviorističkog i kognitivnog pristupa istraživanjima, iako u svim prometnim granama kod biheviorističkog pristupa istraživanjima statističkog objektivnog rizika intenzivno dominira. Čimbenici „prometnog okoliša“ i „prometnog sredstva“ (radni okoliš upravljačnice), prema dinamičkom otvorenom Fullerovom TCI modelu „zahtjev zadaće-sposobnost vozača“, utječu na težinu zadaće tijekom vožnje. Težinu zadaće i kognitivno opterećenje vozača tijekom vožnje moguće je, među ostalim, programirati i dizajnom upravljačnice, razmještanjem i pozicioniranjem svih često korištenih komandi na upravljačkoj ploči, a u interakciji s rasponima dosega ruku i biakromijalnim rasponom u središnjih 90 % iz dovoljnog i slučajnog uzorka vozača. Izrazito je bitno grupiranje i razmještaj srodnih komandi za promjenu brzine, jer je težina zadaće u TCI modelu dominantno povezana s promjenom brzine od „ljudskog faktora“. Za muške vozača tramvaja iz Sarajeva - pomoću parametara s brojčanim iznosima Iv, P(%) i ō - određeni su dominantni i važni čimbenici subjektivne smetnje iz kognitivne percepcije vozača, jer je kognitivno opterećenje vozača jedan od čimbenika promjene perceptivnog vremena odziva vozača PRT. Udjel „ljudskog faktora“ u čimbenicima smetnje vozača tramvaja povezan je s uvjetima rada i odmora, te je dokazano da taj udjel kod kognitivnog pristupa istraživanju nije dominantan u odnosu na udjele „prometnog okoliša“ i „prometnog sredstva“.A multidisciplinary ergonomic evaluations of the man-machine-environment system carried out on cabin controls and traffic processes demand from their designers a knowledge and training in the so-called non-technical sciences. Investigations of operator behaviour and/or design of traffic processes cannot be done only from the common behaviourist point of view based on the objective statistical risk assessed from traffic accidents, as already in the 1980s European experience showed that statistical risk is not a determinant in operator behaviour. Subjective risk becomes equal to the objective statistical risk only in the event when the operator acts at the limit of his capacity where the task at hand is too demanding and the loss of control over the vehicle is quite likely without ITS or a system for assistance that eliminate or reduce the effects of distraction. The role of the human factor is not the same in behaviourist and in cognitive study approach, but it needs to be said that in all branches of traffic the human factor is dominant in all behaviourist investigations of the objective risk. Traffic environment and vehicle (cabin controls), according to the dynamic open Fuller’s TCI model (task – capability interface), impact the task difficulty during vehicle operation. The difficulty of the task and the cognitive load on the operator during operation can be programmed by a correct design of controls placing all frequently used commands on the control board, and by taking into consideration the reach of the arms and the biachromial span. Of utmost essence is a correct grouping and placement of speed commands, since the difficulty of the task in the TCI model is predominantly in correlation with the speed change by the human factor. Dominant and important subjective distractions of the cognitive perception were determined for the male tram operators in Sarajevo using the numerical parameters Iv, P(%) and ō, as the cognitive load of the operators is one of the factors in changed perception-response time PRT. The role of the human factor in distractions is related to the circumstances such as work and rest, and it has been proven that in cognitive approach this role is not dominant when compared to the impact of traffic environment and means of traffic

COGNITIVE SCIENTIFIC VIRTUALIZATION IN THE FUNCTION OF TRAFFIC SAFETY

Određivanje antropometrijskih mjera i bioloških značajki ljudskog tijela konvencionalnim načinom složeno je i dugotrajno. Uvođenjem novih računalnih metoda (SABALab) moguće je brzo i točno određivanje svih važnih tjelesnih veličina kako bi se dimenzije i oblici elemenata okolišnog radnog sustava cestovnog motornog vozila prilagodili vozaču. Proces upravljanja motornim vozilom izvodi se uz potrebnu kontrolu vida. Tijekom upravljanja motornim vozilom potrebne vidne sposobnosti iskazuju se prepoznavanjem složene strukture djelovanja, raspoznavanjem raznovrsnih oblika, boja te brzinom i točnošću reagiranja na temelju vidnog zapažaja. Upravljanje motornim vozilom izvodi se u prostoru koji od vozača zahtijeva izrazito dobre vidne sposobnosti i one su odlučujuće za koordinaciju pokreta, brzinu reagiranja i točnost izvođenja. Radno mjesto vozača pripada zatvorenom tipu s malim tlocrtnim površinama i sjedećim položajem tijela koje je pogodno za ergonomijsko i biomehaničko oblikovanje. Statičke i dinamičke antropometrijske veličine odnose se na kinematičke osobine vozača i bitan raspored djelatnih elemenata kokpita koji omogućuju potreban stupanj kontrole vida i radnih aktivnosti tijekom sudjelovanja u prometnom okruženju.Determining the anthropometric measures and biological characteristics of the human body using the conventional method is complex and time-consuming. The introduction of new computer methods (SABALab) allows fast and precise determining of all the important body values in order to adapt the dimensions and forms of elements in the operating ambient system of the road motor vehicle to the driver. The process of motor vehicle driving is performed with the necessary control of sight. While driving a motor vehicle, the necessary visual capabilities are expressed by recognizing the complex structures of actions, identification of diverse forms, colours, and the speed and precision of reactions based on the visual observation. The motor vehicle control is carried out in space and requires extremely good driver’s sight capabilities, decisive for the coordination of movements, speed of reaction, and precision of performance. The driver’s workplace is of a confined type with small layout area and a sitting position of the body which is suitable for ergonomic and biomechanical design. Static and dynamic anthropometric values refer to the kinematic capabilities of the driver and important arrangement of operating elements of the cockpit allowing the necessary degree of vision control and operating activities during the participation in the traffic environment

Traffic significance of Bjelovar-Bilogora County for Pannonic Croatia

Iako su grad Bjelovar i Bjelovarsko-bilogorska županija smješteni u sre dišnjem dijelu hrvatskoga panonskog prostora, njihov prometni značaj nij e došao do punog izražaja zbog nedovoljne razvijenosti infrastrukture ces tovnoga i željezničkog prometa. Najznačajniji hrvatski i međunarodni ces tovni i željeznički koridori u povezivanju Istoka i Zapada prelaze posavskim i podravskim područjem. Glavni tokovi od sjevera prema jugu idu od Budimpešte preko Zagreba prema Rijeci te od Osijeka prema Pločama. Kvalitetnije pa i nove cestovne i željezničke veze od Pečuha preko Bjelovara i Zagreba te Banje Luke i Gradiške preko Daruvara prema Varaždinu mogu u budućnosti znatno poboljšati prometni značaj Bjelovara i Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije. Kvalitetna cestovna veza Bjelovar – Čazma – Petrinja – Krnjak – Ogulin mogla bi rasteretiti postojeće ceste od Mađarske preko Varaždina i Zagreba prema Kvarnerskom zaljevu.Although the town of Bjelovar and the Bjelovar-Bilogora County are located in the middle part of the Croatian Pannonian area, their traffic significance has not been fully shown due to insufficiently developed infrastructure of the road and the railroad traffic. The most important Croatian and international road and railroad corridors to connect the East and the West cross the Sava River basin and the Drava River basin area. Main routes go from the North towards the South, from Budapest, through Zagreb and towards Rijeka, and from Osijek towards Ploče. Higher quality road and railroad connections from Pécs through Bjelovar, Zagreb, Banja Luka and Gradiška, through Daruvar towards Varaždin can considerably improve the traffic significance of Bjelovar and the Bjelovar Bilogora County in the future. Quality road connections such as Bjelovar – Čazma – Petrinja – Krnjak - Ogulin could lower the traffic intensity of the existing roads from Hungary through Varaždin and Zagreb towards Kvarner bay

Traffic and Ecological Environment of Croatia as Integration Factor in the 21 st Century Europe

Considering the current trends, traffic in 2030 will economicallyand socially burden the society and move away from thesustainability regarding the environment. The paper presentsthe development orientation of the Republic of Croatia in certaintraiiSport branches that will contribute to the efficient environmentalprotection, since protection of the Croatian naturaland civilisation values represents an important strategic orientationof the Republic of Croatia and one of the integration facwrsof the 21'1 century Europe

Virtual Reality and its Implementation in Transport Ergonomics

The experience of our environment is based on the informationthat reach us by means of our sensory organs, andwhich are subsequently processed in our brains. Digital interpretationimplemented to mathematical models of the studiedsubjects brings us to the so-called virtual reality that allows us toreplace some natural human senses, in this case the visualones, by computer-generated infonnation. The procedure is expandedto three-dimensional (3D) scanning i. e. searching ofthe special form of the obse1ved subject/object, then digital recordingof the space point cloud (pixels) which correspond tothe item, then vectorisation of the fonn, rendering and finallyanimation. In this way, by watching the display, the impressionof the virtual environment can be generated in the human perception.Moreover, in this way the human model can be realizedin a characteristic way in such a virtual space. The implementationof this virtual reality, in accordance with the possibilitiesthat it provides, has been the subject of very intensive researchin the world, and in Croatia as well. The work presentssome possibilities of applying virtual reality in the field of ergonomicanalysis of the collision process of two vehicles

Airport System Control in Conditions of Continuous Random Processes of Traffic Flow

The article presents a systemic approach to air traffic op·eration and control in which the airport represents a basictechnical-technological and organisational system. Determiningoptimum control of the airport system therefore representsthe most important component in the process of controlling airtraffic system