A new optimized demand management system for smart grid-based residential buildings adopting renewable and storage energies

Demand Side Management (DSM) implies intelligently managing load appliances in a Smart Grid (SG). DSM programs help customers save money by reducing their electricity bills, minimizing the utility’s peak demand, and improving load factor. To achieve these goals, this paper proposes a new load shifting-based optimal DSM model for scheduling residential users’ appliances. The proposed system effectively handles the challenges raised in the literature regarding the absence of using recent, easy, and more robust optimization techniques, a comparison procedure with well-established ones, using Renewable Energy Resources (RERs), Renewable Energy Storage (RES), and adopting consumer comfort. This system uses recent algorithms called Virulence Optimization Algorithm (VOA) and Earth Worm Optimization Algorithm (EWOA) for optimally shifting the time slots of shiftable appliances. The system adopts RERs, RES, as well as utility grid energy for supplying load appliances. This system takes into account user preferences, timing factors for each appliance, and a pricing signal for relocating shiftable appliances to flatten the energy demand profile. In order to figure out how much electricity users will have to pay, a Time Of Use (TOU) dynamic pricing scheme has been used. Using MATLAB simulation environment, we have made effectiveness-based comparisons of the adopted optimization algorithms with the well-established meta-heuristics and evolutionary algorithms (Genetic Algorithm (GA), Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO), and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) in order to determine the most efficient one. Without adopting RES, the results indicate that VOA outperforms the other algorithms. The VOA enables 59% minimization in Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAR) of consumption energy and is more robust than other competitors. By incorporating RES, the EWOA, alongside the VOA, provides less deviation and a lower PAR. The VOA saves 76.19% of PAR, and the EWOA saves 73.8%, followed by the BPSO, GA, and CSO, respectively. The electricity consumption using VOA and EWOA-based DSM cost 217 and 210 USD cents, respectively, whereas non-scheduled consumption costs 273 USD cents and scheduling based on BPSO, GA, and CSO costs 219, 220, and 222 USD cents.publishedVersio

A new 4-D hyperchaotic hidden attractor system: Its dynamics, coexisting attractors, synchronization and microcontroller implementation

In this paper, a simple 4-dimensional hyperchaotic system is introduced. The proposed system has no equilibria points, so it admits hidden attractor which is an interesting feature of chaotic systems. Another interesting feature of the proposed system is the coexisting of attractors where it shows periodic and chaotic coexisting attractors. After introducing the system, the system is analyzed dynamically using numerical and theoretical techniques. In this analysis, Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams have been used to investigate chaotic and hyperchaotic nature, the ranges of system parameters for different behaviors and the route for chaos and coexisting attractors regions. In the next part of our work, a synchronization control system for two identical systems is designed. The design procedure uses a combination of simple synergetic control with adaptive updating laws to identify the unknown parameters derived basing on Lyapunov theorem. Microcontroller (MCU) based hardware implementation system is proposed and tested by using MATLAB as a display side. As an application, the designed synchronization system is used as a secure analog communication system. The designed MCU system with MATLAB Simulation is used to validate the designed synchronization and secure communication systems and excellent results have been obtained

A novel real-time electricity scheduling for home energy management system using the internet of energy

This paper presents a novel scheduling scheme for the real-time home energy management systems based on Internet of Energy (IoE). The scheme is a multi-agent method that considers two chief purposes including user satisfaction and energy consumption cost. The scheme is designed under environment of microgrid. The user impact in terms of energy cost savings is generally significant in terms of system efficiency. That is why domestic users are involved in the management of domestic appliances. The optimization algorithms are based on an improved version of the rainfall algorithm and the salp swarm algorithm. In this paper, the Time of Use (ToU) model is proposed to define the rates for shoulder-peak and on-peak hours. A two-level communication system connects the microgrid system, implemented in MATLAB, to the cloud server. The local communication level utilizes IP/TCP and MQTT and is used as a protocol for the global communication level. The scheduling controller proposed in this study succeeded the energy saving of 25.3% by using the salp swarm algorithm and saving of 31.335% by using the rainfall algorithm

Development and characterisation of novel fluorapatite containing dental composite materials

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to develop model dental composites incorporating fluorapatite (FA) as secondary filler and to characterise their physical and mechanical properties and fluoride ion release. Methods: Experimental composites were formulated containing BisGMA/TEGDMA/BisEMA and barium aluminium silicate glass as the primary filler. FA rod-like crystals and bundles were synthesised using a hydrothermal method and incorporated at 0 (0FA), 10 (10FA), 20 (20FA), 30 (30FA) and 40% (40FA) by mass into the previously identified optimum experimental composite, maintaining an overall filler content of 80%wt. 0FA and TetricEvoCeram (TC) were used for comparison as the experimental and the commercial controls, respectively. Two-body wear, Vickers Hardness (HV), Degree of Conversion (DC), Flexural strength (FS), Flexural modulus (FM), Fracture Toughness (K1C) and fluoride ion release were measured for each composition. Quantitative analysis of wear volume was carried out using a noncontact profilometer. Qualitative imaging of wear and fracture surfaces was undertaken using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 21. Results: All experimental composites showed similar wear resistance (p > 0.05) and enhanced microhardness compared to TC (p 0.05). FA composites showed higher FM (p 0.05) to TC but lower FM and FS when compared to 0FA. 30FA and 40FA showed similar K1C to TC and 0FA (p > 0.05), whereas 10FA and 20FA showed lower K1C when compared to the other groups (p 30FA > 20FA > 10FA (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Experimental dental composites were successfully produced incorporating FA as secondary filler. The addition of FA did not affect the key physical and mechanical properties when compared to the commercial control. FA composites showed short and long term fluoride release under acidic conditions showing a promising step towards a potential “smart” fluoride releasing dental composite

A novel 4 dimensional hyperchaotic system with its control, Synchronization and Implementation

This paper presents a new hyperchaotic system which shows some interesting features, the system is 4-dimensional with 4 nonlinearities. An extensive numerical analysis has showed that the system has some interesting features and strange behaviors. The numerical analysis includes studying the effect of system parameters and initial conditions. Some of the important properties of the system with parameter set, in which the system is hyperchaotic, such as Lyapunov exponents and Lyapunov dimension, dissipation and symmetry are found and discussed. In the next part of our work, a tracking controller for the proposed system is designed and then a synchronization control system for two identical systems is designed. The design procedure uses combination of a simple synergetic control with adaptive updating laws to identify the unknown parameters derived basing on Lyapunov theorem. Hardware implementation based on microcontroller unit (MCU) board is proposed and tested and used to experimentally validate the designed control and synchronization systems. As an application, the designed synchronization system is used as a secure analogue communication system. Using MATLAB, Simulation study for the control and synchronization systems is presented. The simulation and experimental study have been showed excellent results

A novel smart energy management as a service over a cloud computing platform for nanogrid appliances

There will be a dearth of electrical energy in the world in the future due to exponential increase in electrical energy demand of rapidly growing world population. With the development of Internet of Things (IoT), more smart appliances will be integrated into homes in smart cities that actively participate in the electricity market by demand response programs to efficiently manage energy in order to meet this increasing energy demand. Thus, with this incitement, the energy management strategy using a price-based demand response program is developed for IoT-enabled residential buildings. We propose a new EMS for smart homes for IoT-enabled residential building smart devices by scheduling to minimize cost of electricity, alleviate peak-to-average ratio, correct power factor, automatic protective appliances, and maximize user comfort. In this method, every home appliance is interfaced with an IoT entity (a data acquisition module) with a specific IP address, which results in a wide wireless system of devices. There are two components of the proposed system: software and hardware. The hardware is composed of a base station unit (BSU) and many terminal units (TUs). The software comprises Wi-Fi network programming as well as system protocol. In this study, a message queue telemetry transportation (MQTT) broker was installed on the boards of BSU and TU. In this paper, we present a low-cost platform for the monitoring and helping decision making about different areas in a neighboring community for efficient management and maintenance, using information and communication technologies. The findings of the experiments demonstrated the feasibility and viability of the proposed method for energy management in various modes. The proposed method increases effective energy utilization, which in turn increases the sustainability of IoT-enabled homes in smart cities. The proposed strategy automatically responds to power factor correction, to protective home appliances, and to price-based demand response programs to combat the major problem of the demand response programs, which is the limitation of consumer&rsquo;s knowledge to respond upon receiving demand response signals. The schedule controller proposed in this paper achieved an energy saving of 6.347 kWh real power per day, this paper achieved saving 7.282 kWh apparent power per day, and the proposed algorithm in our paper saved $2.3228388 per day

A Novel Cooperative Controller for Inverters of Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids

This paper presents a novel cooperative control technique concerning fully-distributed AC/DC microgrids. Distributed generation based on inverters has two types, i.e., Current Source Inverter (CSI), also referred to as PQ inverter, and Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). Both inverter forms have a two-layer coordination mechanism. This paper proposes a design method for the digital Proportional-Resonant (PR) controller that regulates the current inside an inverter. The inverters will improve the voltage quality of the microgrid while maintaining the average voltage of buses at the same desired level. There is comprehensive detail on the computations specific to resonant and proportional gains and digital resonance path coefficients. The paper includes a digital PR controller design and its analysis in the frequency domain. The analysis is based on the w-domain. The main contribution of this paper is the proposed method, which not only focuses on the transient response but also improves the steady-state response which smoothens the voltage; furthermore, all inverters are effectively involved to increase the capacity of the microgrid for better power management. The suggested cooperative control technique is used on an IEEE 14-bus system having fully distributed communication. The convincing outcomes indicate that the suggested control technique is an effectual means of regulating the microgrid’s voltage to obtain an evener and steady voltage profile. The microgrid comprises distributed resources and is used as the primary element to analyse power flow and quality indicators associated with a smart grid. Lastly, numerical simulation observations are utilised for substantiating the recommended algorithm

Treatment Trends of Myocarditis with Coxsackievirus B3 infection

Viral myocarditis occurred after viral invasion of the cardiocytes and followed by the releasing of viral particles and inflammatory cells. Acute viral myocarditis is relatively common phase of the disease cured spontaneously in some cases or leading to sever acute heart failure and cardiac damage ended with chronic heart failure with increased mortality rate. The fully understand mechanism of viral myocarditis is unclear but some hypothesis trying to illustrate the events of the disease. Regardless of etiological cause, myocarditis is treated depending on disease phase and by following the instructions of Heart Failure Society of America guideline. This article provides the basic knowledge available in literatures to review some important informations of viral myocarditis, with a special focusing on viral myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3 infection

A New Robust Control Strategy for Parallel Operated Inverters in Green Energy Applications

This research work puts forward a hybrid AC/DC microgrid with renewable energy sources pertaining to consumer’s residential area for meeting the demand. Currently, the power generation and consumption have experienced key transformations. One such tendency would be integration of microgrids into the distribution network that is characterized by high penetration of renewable energy resources as well as operations in parallel. Traditional droop control can be employed in order to get an accurate steady state averaged active power sharing amongst parallel inverters pertaining to hybrid AC/DC microgrid. It is presumed that there would be similar transient average power responses, and there would be no circulating current flowing between the units for identical inverters possessing the same droop gain. However, the instantaneous power could be affected by different line impedances considerably and thus resulting in variation in circulating power that flows amongst inverters, especially during unexpected disturbances like load changes. This power, if absorbed by the inverter, could result in sudden DC-link voltage rise and trip the inverter, which in turn causes performance degradation of the entire hybrid microgrid. When the hybrid generators act as unidirectional power source, the issue worsens further. In this research work, we have put forward a new distributed coordinated control pertaining to hybrid microgrid, which can be applied for both grid connected and islanded modes that include variable loads and hybrid energy resources. Also, in order to choose the most effective controller scheme, a participation factor analysis has been designed for binding the DC-link voltage as well as reducing the circulating power. Moreover, to both photovoltaic stations and wind turbines, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques have been used in order to extract the maximum power from hybrid power system when there is discrepancy in environmental circumstances. Lastly, the feasibility and effectiveness pertaining to the introduced strategy for hybrid microgrid in various modes are confirmed via simulation results