87 research outputs found
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*gwes-, *(z)gwes- or *(s)gwesh2-? The PIE root for 'extinguish/go out'
Linguistic
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PIE *u̯eid- ‘Notice’ and the Origin of the Thematic Aorist
Germanic Languages and LiteraturesLinguistic
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Saussure’s Law, the nom. pl. in ‑ai, and the treatment of acute diphthongs in final syllables in Lithuanian
This paper addresses the relationship of the Lith. nom. pl. endings ‑ai (‑aĩ) and ‑i, ‑ie (‑ì, ‑ìe) to each other and to their common source, the PIE pronominal nom. pl. in *‑oi. It is argued that the Proto-BSl. preform was *‑ai, with acuteness analogically taken from the corresponding nominal ending *‑ōs. Proto-BSl. *‑ai, which developed regularly to ‑i in Slavic and to ‑ai in Old Prussian, had two reflexes in Lithuanian. The phonologically regular treatment is seen in the pronominal and adjectival ending ‑i(e), which developed from *‑ai to *‑ẹ̄ via the presumed intermediate stage *‑ɛi. The nominal ending ‑ai is a morphological treatment of the same sequence, with a) *‑ɛi remade to *‑ai under the influence of paradigmatically related forms in *‑a‑, and b) acuteness subsequently lost in a final syllable. The second step runs counter to standard opinion, which holds that underlying acute diphthongs in final syllables trigger Saussure’s Law and retain their acuteness in Žemaitian, as in the ā‑present forms 1 sg. sakaũ, 2 sg. sakaĩ (Žem. sakâu, sakā̂). It is maintained here, however, that the verbal endings that appear as ‑aũ and ‑aĩ in standard Lithuanian are not historically diphthongs at all, but contracted sequences that arose after the “de-acuting” of the inherited nom. pl. in *‑ai to ‑ai and before Saussure’s Law. A byproduct of this explanation is that other descriptively non-acute diphthongs in final syllables, notably the dat. sg. in ‑ui (< PIE *‑ōi) and the instr. pl. in ‑ais (< PIE *‑ōis), can also be assumed to have been originally acute, as their etymologies require.Linguistic
Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health: a review of literature and recent project results
Issues of environment and environmental health involve multiple interests regarding e.g. political, societal, economical, and public concerns represented by different kinds of organizations and individuals. Not surprisingly, stakeholder and public participation has become a major issue in environmental and environmental health policy and assessment. The need for participation has been discussed and reasoned by many, including environmental legislators around the world. In principle, participation is generally considered as desirable and the focus of most scholars and practitioners is on carrying out participation, and making participation more effective. In practice also doubts regarding the effectiveness and importance of participation exist among policy makers, assessors, and public, leading even to undermining participatory practices in policy making and assessment
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