Appendix C. One table of fire-behavior data and two ANOVA tables for fuel consumption and maximum fire temperature.

One table of fire-behavior data and two ANOVA tables for fuel consumption and maximum fire temperature

Appendix B. A table with rainfall data for the period prior to fires in 1999 and 2001 at Camp Whispering Pines, Louisiana, USA.

A table with rainfall data for the period prior to fires in 1999 and 2001 at Camp Whispering Pines, Louisiana, USA

Appendix F. ANCOVA table for shrub density and ANOVA table for shrub mortality.

ANCOVA table for shrub density and ANOVA table for shrub mortality

Appendix D. One figure and four ANOVA tables for damage to shrub leaves and stems during fires.

One figure and four ANOVA tables for damage to shrub leaves and stems during fires

Appendix D. Fractional vegetation cover <1 m in height for three functional types and barren ground in 2001 and 2009.

Fractional vegetation cover <1 m in height for three functional types and barren ground in 2001 and 2009

Appendix B. Relationships between fractional vegetation cover and the enhanced vegetation index.

Relationships between fractional vegetation cover and the enhanced vegetation index

Appendix A. A complete list of species, functional types, and fractional cover values in three community types in a Hawaiian subalpine dry forest.

A complete list of species, functional types, and fractional cover values in three community types in a Hawaiian subalpine dry forest

Appendix C. Before-after control-impact analysis of exotic feral ungulate removal and exclusion in a subalpine tropical dry forest in Hawaii.

Before-after control-impact analysis of exotic feral ungulate removal and exclusion in a subalpine tropical dry forest in Hawaii

Mean distance (m) 2,000 randomly selected locations on substrates of the Pōhakuloa substrate age gradient and the nearest location with at least 25%, 50% or 75% lateral cover of NPV.

<p>Standard deviation provided in parentheses. Because NPV in this landscape is mainly fine fuels, these numbers demonstrate that a gradient in susceptibility to fire is associated with substrate age.</p><p>Mean distance (m) 2,000 randomly selected locations on substrates of the Pōhakuloa substrate age gradient and the nearest location with at least 25%, 50% or 75% lateral cover of NPV.</p

Primary Succession on a Hawaiian Dryland Chronosequence

<div><p>We used measurements from airborne imaging spectroscopy and LiDAR to quantify the biophysical structure and composition of vegetation on a dryland substrate age gradient in Hawaii. Both vertical stature and species composition changed during primary succession, and reveal a progressive increase in vertical stature on younger substrates followed by a collapse on Pleistocene-aged flows. Tall-stature <i>Metrosideros polymorpha</i> woodlands dominated on the youngest substrates (hundreds of years), and were replaced by the tall-stature endemic tree species <i>Myoporum sandwicense</i> and <i>Sophora chrysophylla</i> on intermediate-aged flows (thousands of years). The oldest substrates (tens of thousands of years) were dominated by the short-stature native shrub <i>Dodonaea viscosa</i> and endemic grass <i>Eragrostis atropioides</i>. We excavated 18 macroscopic charcoal fragments from Pleistocene-aged substrates. Mean radiocarbon age was 2,002 years and ranged from < 200 to 7,730. Genus identities from four fragments indicate that <i>Osteomeles spp</i>. or <i>M</i>. <i>polymorpha</i> once occupied the Pleistocene-aged substrates, but neither of these species is found there today. These findings indicate the existence of fires before humans are known to have occupied the Hawaiian archipelago, and demonstrate that a collapse in vertical stature is prevalent on the oldest substrates. This work contributes to our understanding of prehistoric fires in shaping the trajectory of primary succession in Hawaiian drylands.</p></div