Występowanie zaburzeń poznawczych u osób po 65. roku życia w środowisku domowym

Introduction. Cognitive disorders are a serious problem in the elderly that lead to the loss of functional ability and thus dependence on others.Aim. The aim of the article is to asses the cognitive disorders in people over 65 in home environment and show a correlation between age, sex, education, multiple morbidities, functional disability, and cognitive disorders.Material and Methods. The research was carried out using diagnostic survey and direct observation. Also, the following research tools were used: Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS), Barthel Scale, Lawton Scale and own survey questionnaire. The research was carried out on 329 women and 175 men, aged 66–94.Results. 74.80% of the surveyed were found to have normal cognitive ability. Mild cognitive disability was found in 20.24% of the respondents, and severe — in 4.96%. It has been concluded that women with low level of education, more morbidities, and sight and hearing impairment had worse cognitive ability (p < 0.001). Moreover, it has been concluded that cognitive ability of the surveyed was worsening with age in a significant way (p < 0.001).Conclusions. Cognitive disorders affected 25.20% of people over 65 in home environment. Furthermore, relevant factors that influenced the incidence of cognitive disorders in the elderly over 65 years old in home environment were: female sex, elderly age, low level of education and multiple morbidities. Moreover, cognitive disorders occurring in people over 65 in the home environment significantly contributed to the deterioration of their functional efficiency. (JNNN 2021;10(2):65–70)Wstęp. Zaburzenia poznawcze stanowią bardzo poważny problem osób w podeszłym wieku przyczyniają się do utraty sprawności funkcjonalnej i prowadzą do zależności od innych.Cel. Celem pracy była ocena występowania zaburzeń poznawczych u osób po 65. roku życia w środowisku domowym oraz wykazanie zależności pomiędzy wiekiem, płcią, wykształceniem, wielochorobowością i niesprawnością funkcjonalną a zaburzeniami poznawczymi.Materiał i metody. Badania przeprowadzono metodą sondażu diagnostycznego i obserwacji bezpośredniej. Zastosowano narzędzia badawcze takie jak: Skrócony Test Sprawności Umysłowej (AMTS), Skala Barthel, Skala Lawtona oraz autorski kwestionariusz wywiadu. Badaniami objęto 329 kobiet, 175 mężczyzn w wieku od 66 do 94 lat.Wyniki. U 74,80% badanych osób stwierdzono prawidłową sprawność poznawczą. Umiarkowane upośledzenie poznawcze stwierdzono u 20,24% respondentów, a ciężkie u 4,96% badanych. Stwierdzono, że kobiety, osoby z niskim poziomem wykształcenia oraz z większą ilością chorób, z upośledzeniem wzroku i słuchu posiadały gorszy stan poznawczy (p < 0,001). Ponadto wykazano, że sprawność poznawcza badanych osób w sposób istotny (p < 0,001) pogarszała się wraz z wiekiem badanych.Wnioski. Zaburzenia poznawcze występowały u 25,20% badanych osób po 65. roku życia w środowisku domowym. Ponadto, istotnymi czynnikami wpływającymi na występowanie zaburzeń poznawczych u osób po 65. roku życia w środowisku domowym były: płeć żeńska, starszy wiek, niski poziom wykształcenia oraz wielochorobowość. Co więcej, zaburzenia poznawcze występujące u osób po 65. roku życia w środowisku domowym znacząco wpływały na pogorszenie ich sprawności funkcjonalnej. (PNN 2021;10(2):65–70

Morphological similarities and differences of young players from selected sport team games

Introduction: Body physique is an important determinant of sports success. Knowledge in this area enables the effective selection of players for various sports disciplines. Aim: Using a multidimensional perspective, to determine the degree of variation in the body physique of athletes from four sports disciplines: American football, football, volleyball and handball. Materials and methods: The research was carried out in 2017 in sport clubs operating in the Lower Silesia Voivodship. The research group consisted of 125 male players, with a mean age of 16.27 years. They represented 4 sports disciplines and included 22 American football players, 30 football players, 49 handball players and 24 volleyball players. In the analysis, the measurements of height and weight were used as well as the Body Max Index, calculated with the following formula: body weight [kg]/body height [m]2 Results: The American football players had the highest body weight and the highest BMI. The handball and volleyball players were the tallest. The football players were characterised by the lowest body weight. Conclusions: Each of the analysed sports disciplines prefers players with a different body physique. Nevertheless, a greater similarity between the handball and volleyball players can be observed. American football players are more different morphologically, whereas football players are the least similar to the players from the other disciplines. The results of the study will facilitate both players' and coaches' decision-making process regarding the change of the sports discipline and the choice of a new one, if such need arises

Meta-analysis of chest compression-only versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders for adult with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Background: According to the guidelines of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) conducted by bystanders, two methods of CPR are feasible: standard CPR (sCPR) with mouth-to-mouth ventilations and continuous chest compression-only CPR (CCC) without rescue breathing. The goal herein, was to evaluate the effect of sCPR (30:2) and CCC on resuscitation outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. Methods: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Using standardized criteria, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE and Cochrane Collaboration were searched for trials assessing the effect of sCPR vs. CCC on resuscitation outcomes after adult OHCA. Random-effects model meta-analysis was applied to calculate the mean deviation (MD), odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Overall, 3 randomized controlled trials and 12 non-randomized trials met the inclusion criteria. Survival to hospital discharge ( SHD) with sCPR was 10.2% compared to 9.3% in the CCC group (OR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.93–1.16; p = 0.46). SHD with good neurological outcome measured with the cerebral performance category (CPC 1 or 2) was 6.5% for sCPR vs. 5.8% for CCC (OR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.84–1.20; p = 0.98). Prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in sCPR and CCC groups was 15.9% and 14.8%, respectively (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.91–1.39; p = 0.26). Survival to hospital admission with ROSC occurred in 29.5% of the sCPR group compared to 28.4% in CCC group (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.89–1.63; p = 0.24). Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that there were no significant differences in the resuscitation outcomes between the use of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation and chest compression only

Environmental and technological carrot safety conditions. Part II. Changes in nitrites contents determined by the environment and processing

The aim of the present research was to determine the effect of environmental conditions (biofortification with Mg) and technological processes (freezing, preserving in jars and drying) on the content of nitrates (III) in carrot. Besides this, the amount of human intake of nitrates (III) found in the carrot products analysed was assayed. The effect on environment resulting from the changes in carrot growing technology was not so unambiguous as for nitrates (V) since most NO2¯ was contained in, for example, processed foods from non-biofortified Mg material. The consumption of products was not hazardous to the consumer since it did not exceed Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) NO2¯. Most nitrates (III) are consumed with dried carrot and least - with carrot preserved in jars. For this reason, one should run a thorough monitoring of the contents of nitrates (III), toxic to humans since new products based on dried carrot material, such as crisps, are launched in the consumer market

Statistical Process Control Using Control Charts with Variable Parameters

An extremely important issue in quality management is monitoring and diagnosing processes, and, subsequently, supervising them using so-called control charts. In typical production processes, charts with constant parameters are commonly used, such as x-R, x-s, CUSUM, EWMA and others, which, in most cases, are effective tools for process stability evaluation. Charts considered untypical (in statistical process control) are those with variable sample sizes, variable sampling intervals and/or variable control limits. Such charts are used when process analysis based on standard, well-known charts may lead to serious errors. Modern control charts are a response to the requirements of Industry 4.0 and are an excellent tool for supervising production processes. Their use together with Cp and Cpk indices and other process capability indices is a starting point for process improvement. The methodology of nonstandard charts is inadequately recognized and rarely used in practice. The theory of their design and examples of their use will be presented and characterized in this paper

Youth teams players injuries in selected sports

Wstęp. Celem badań było określenie częstości urazów czterech dyscyplin sportowych – gier zespołowych oraz określenia powiązań między poszczególnymi dyscyplinami, a rodzajem i miejscem występowania najczęstszych urazów, a także ich podobieństw pod tym, w ujęciu wielowymiarowym. Materiał i metody. Badania przeprowadzono w 2017 roku, w klubach sportowych funkcjonujących na terenie województwa dolnośląskiego. Grupę badawczą stanowiło 125 zawodników płci męskiej w wieku między 15 a 18 rokiem życia (kadet-junior) ze średnią 16,27 lat. Reprezentowali oni 4 dyscypliny sportowe. 22 zawodników uprawiających football amerykański, 30 zawodników uprawiających piłkę nożną, 49 zawodników piłkę ręczną oraz 24 zawodników uprawiających piłkę siatkową. Do analizy wykorzystano dane ankietowe dotyczące urazów związanych z uprawianą dyscypliną sportu. Wyniki. Zdecydowana większość badanych 81,60% odniosła uraz w wyniku uprawiania wybranej dyscypliny sportu. Najczęściej urazy odnosili piłkarze nożni, 96,66%, najrzadziej siatkarze 54,55%. Najczęściej urazom ulegają kończyny, szczególnie kończyna dolna - 70,40% wszystkich stwierdzonych urazów. Najczęstszym rodzajem urazu jest stłuczenie 54,40%. Ogółem, niewiele mniej urazów dotyczy uszkodzenia mięśni - 52%. Wnioski. Uprawianie przedstawionych sportowych gier zespołowych wiąże się z ryzykiem wystąpienia urazu. Najbardziej na uraz narażeni są piłkarze nożni, a najmniej siatkarze. Urazy najczęściej dotyczą kończyn dolnych, z czego większość to stłuczenia i urazy mięśniowe. Postuluje się poszukiwanie rozwiązań prewencyjnych chroniących zawodników przed urazami.Background. Purpose of the study was to determine the degree of frequently of injuries in four sports-team games and determine the relationship between the disciplines and the type and prevalence of the most common injuries, as well as their similarities in this, in a multidimensional approach. Material and methods. The research was conducted in the year 2017, in sports clubs on the territory of the Lower Silesia region. Research group accounted for 125 male athletes aged between 15 and 18 years of age (Cadet-junior) with an average of 16.27 years. They represented 4 sports. 22 athletes with American football, 30 athletes football, 49 players handball and 24 volleyball athletes. The analysis uses survey data on the history of injuries related to cultivated discipline related to the circumstances, the part of the body and type of injury. Results. The vast majority of the surveyed 81.60% had an injury as a result of practicing chosen sport. The most common injuries suffered footballers, 96.66%, the least volleyball players 54.55%. The most common injuries are the limbs, especially low limb-70.40% of all identified injuries. The most common type of injury is breaking 54.40%. Overall, a little less injuries to the affected muscle damage (break, sprain) 52% Conclusions. Practice of the presented sports team involves a risk of injury. Most of the injuries are exposed footballers, and the least volleyball players. Injuries most often apply to the lower limbs, with most of the bruises and muscle injuries. Calls for a search for preventive solutions to protect players from injuries

Anthropogenic impact on the environment (case study)

Human activity leads to environmental transformations, frequently on a large scale. There are places where anthropogenic consequences are unprecedented and disadvantageous to the extent that can be perceived in terms of an ecocatastrophe that goes beyond the local range. The article presents three anthropogenically degraded areas that pose danger for ecosystems in various parts of the world

Ecological and environmental education in the ethical context

In the article, the authors elaborate on an important aspect concerning ecological and environmental education in the context of complex ethical issues. They make the reader aware of the crucial role education serves when it is connected with pro-ecological and pro-environmental education as well as ecological ethics, which aims at determining a man’s attitude towards nature. They stress the importance of ecological ethics for society to function properly. Ethics is an inherent element of the whole universe, and primarily of ecology and environmental protection, which the article tries to present and prove. Not only does ethics refer to environmental protection, but also becoming familiar with nature. Most people do not realise what danger they can expose one another to until they experience it themselves. A man is not capable of existing without the resources the nature provides us with, which is an adequate reason why we should take care of it the best we can. To achieve it, new regulations to be observed are introduced. They are designed to make us stop progressive environmental degradation and also, restore the environment. People perform an important role in the existence of the environment as long as they treat it rightfully by following the voice of their conscience, which can influence its survival. We should take care of nature, treat it as a family member with love and kindness and then we can be sure it will not surprise us with something unexpected. We should take care of everything nature consists of, that is, plants, animals, water, soil and air because when we take care of all these aspects, we also take care of ourselves and the whole societ