RECONSTRUCCIÓN PALEOAMBIENTAL DE LOS DEPÓSITOS DEL OLIGOCENO-MIOCENO DEL SURESTE DEL CARIBE (CARMEN DE BOLIVAR, COLOMBIA) BASADA EN LOS FORAMINÍFEROS BENTÓNICOS

  The benthic foraminifera from an Oligocene-Middle Miocene stratigraphic section were used to interpret the deposi-tional environments of these sediments. The examined stratigraphic section (Carmen de Bolivar section) located on the arroyo Alferez (Colombia) is 1950 m long and mainly consists of shale and siltstone with sandstone layers belonging to the Carmen Formation, Oligocene-Middle Miocene in age. Paleobathymetric and paleoenvironmental interpretation were based on the foraminiferal analysis of 80 samples col-lected every 10-15 meters along the entire length of the section. This study shows the results of a quantitative analysis of the benthic foraminifera greater than 63µm. Several foraminiferal associations have been individuated within the section:   ·     Associations dominated by planktic foraminifera with variable percentages of benthic foraminifera either cal-careous or agglutinated. These associations are interpreted as belonging to marine environment from the upper bathyal zone. ·     Association dominated or totally composed by agglutinated foraminifera. The calcareous foraminifera within this association are rare and poorly preserved. The agglutinated foraminifera are abundant, fnely to middle agglutinated and mainly small-sized (>63-125 µm). This association indicates a turbid water condition and suggests a organic-rich upper-middle bathyal depositional environment.   Keywords: Benthic foraminifera, Oligocene, Miocene, Colombia, paleoecology.          Los foraminíferos bentónicos extraídos de una sección estratigráfca del Oligoceno-Mioceno Medio fueron usados para interpretar los ambientes de depositación de dichos sedimentos. La sección estratigráfca de Carmen de Bolívar ubicada en el arroyo Alférez (Bolivar, Colombia) está compuesta principalmente de arcillolita limosa y limolitas con intercala­ciones de arenitas de la Formación el Carmen (Oligoceno-Mioceno). Las interpretaciones paleobatimétricas y paleoambientales están basadas en el análisis de 80 muestras de foraminíferos tomadas cada 10-15 metros en toda la sección. Este estudio esta basado en el análisis cuantitativo de los foraminíferos bentónicos de tamaño >63µm. Las siguientes asociaciones de foraminíferos bentónicos están presentes en la sección:   Asociaciones caracterizadas de foraminíferos planctónicos con porcentajes variables de foraminíferos bentónicos calcáreos y aglutinados. Las asociaciones son características de ambiente marino batial supe­rior. La asociación dominada o caracterizada exclusivamente por foraminíferos aglutinados. Los foraminíferos calcáreos son raros o mal preservados. La asociación comprende abundantes foraminíferos aglutinados de tamaño pequeño (>63-125 µm). Esta asociación se interpreta como típica de sedimentos ricos en mate­ria orgánica y de depósitos de turbiditas de aguas profundas (ambiente batial medio-superior).   Palabras clave: Foraminíferos bentónicos, Oligoceno, Mioceno, Colombia, paleoecología.   &nbsp

RECONSTRUCCIÓN PALEOAMBIENTAL DE LOS DEPÓSITOS DEL OLIGOCENO-MIOCENO DEL SURESTE DEL CARIBE (CARMEN DE BOLIVAR, COLOMBIA) BASADA EN LOS FORAMINÍFEROS BENTÓNICOS

  The benthic foraminifera from an Oligocene-Middle Miocene stratigraphic section were used to interpret the deposi-tional environments of these sediments. The examined stratigraphic section (Carmen de Bolivar section) located on the arroyo Alferez (Colombia) is 1950 m long and mainly consists of shale and siltstone with sandstone layers belonging to the Carmen Formation, Oligocene-Middle Miocene in age. Paleobathymetric and paleoenvironmental interpretation were based on the foraminiferal analysis of 80 samples col-lected every 10-15 meters along the entire length of the section. This study shows the results of a quantitative analysis of the benthic foraminifera greater than 63µm. Several foraminiferal associations have been individuated within the section:   ·     Associations dominated by planktic foraminifera with variable percentages of benthic foraminifera either cal-careous or agglutinated. These associations are interpreted as belonging to marine environment from the upper bathyal zone. ·     Association dominated or totally composed by agglutinated foraminifera. The calcareous foraminifera within this association are rare and poorly preserved. The agglutinated foraminifera are abundant, fnely to middle agglutinated and mainly small-sized (>63-125 µm). This association indicates a turbid water condition and suggests a organic-rich upper-middle bathyal depositional environment.   Keywords: Benthic foraminifera, Oligocene, Miocene, Colombia, paleoecology.          Los foraminíferos bentónicos extraídos de una sección estratigráfca del Oligoceno-Mioceno Medio fueron usados para interpretar los ambientes de depositación de dichos sedimentos. La sección estratigráfca de Carmen de Bolívar ubicada en el arroyo Alférez (Bolivar, Colombia) está compuesta principalmente de arcillolita limosa y limolitas con intercala­ciones de arenitas de la Formación el Carmen (Oligoceno-Mioceno). Las interpretaciones paleobatimétricas y paleoambientales están basadas en el análisis de 80 muestras de foraminíferos tomadas cada 10-15 metros en toda la sección. Este estudio esta basado en el análisis cuantitativo de los foraminíferos bentónicos de tamaño >63µm. Las siguientes asociaciones de foraminíferos bentónicos están presentes en la sección:   Asociaciones caracterizadas de foraminíferos planctónicos con porcentajes variables de foraminíferos bentónicos calcáreos y aglutinados. Las asociaciones son características de ambiente marino batial supe­rior. La asociación dominada o caracterizada exclusivamente por foraminíferos aglutinados. Los foraminíferos calcáreos son raros o mal preservados. La asociación comprende abundantes foraminíferos aglutinados de tamaño pequeño (>63-125 µm). Esta asociación se interpreta como típica de sedimentos ricos en mate­ria orgánica y de depósitos de turbiditas de aguas profundas (ambiente batial medio-superior).   Palabras clave: Foraminíferos bentónicos, Oligoceno, Mioceno, Colombia, paleoecología.   &nbsp

Sequelae of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: The sequelae of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are poorly understood and inconsistently reported. We will aim to assess the existing evidence for the clinical, psychological, social and economic sequelae of MDR-TB and to assess the health-related quality of life in patients with MDR-TB. Methods and analysis: We will perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies reporting sequelae of MDR-TB. We will search PubMed, SCOPUS, ProQuest, Web of Science and PsychINFO databases up to 5 September 2017. MDR-TB sequelae will include any clinical, psychological, social and economic effects as well as health-related quality of life that occur after MDR-TB treatment or illness. Two researchers will screen the titles and abstracts of all citations identified in our search, extract data, and assess the scientific quality using standardised formats. Providing there is appropriate comparability in the studies, we will use a random-effects meta-analysis model to produce pooled estimates of MDR-TB sequelae from the included studies. We will stratify the analyses based on treatment regimen, comorbidities (such as HIV status and diabetes mellitus), previous TB treatment history and study setting. Ethics and dissemination: As this study will be based on published data, ethical approval is not required. The final report will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and will also be presented at relevant conferences

Toxicological and pharmacological evaluation of Discaria americana Gillies & Hook (Rhamnaceae) in mice

Medicinal plants (e.g. Discaria americana) have been used by populations for centuries. However, popular use is not enough to validate these plants as safe and effective medicinal products. The present study sought to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity as well as the anxiolytic and antinociceptive effects of D. americana root bark and aerial parts extracts in mice. In acute toxicity studies, mice were treated with single intraperitoneal doses of the aforementioned extracts. Subacute toxicity studies were performed by oral administration of the extracts over 14 days. Anxiolytic studies consisted of the elevated plus maze method, and antinociceptive studies were based on the hot plate test. The LD50 value for D. americana aerial parts extract was established at >500 mg/kg, and for the root bark extract, 400 mg/kg. D. americana aerial parts extract produced anxiolytic (250 mg/kg) and antinociceptive effects (125, 200 and 250 mg/kg). Conversely, D. americana root bark extract showed neither anxiolytic nor antinociceptive effects in mice.As plantas medicinais (i. e. Discaria americana) têm sido utilizadas pela população por séculos, entretanto, o conhecimento popular não é suficiente para validá-las como medicamentos seguros e/ou efetivos. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a toxicidade aguda e subaguda, bem como o efeito ansiolítico e antinociceptivo dos extratos da casca da raiz e das partes aéreas da D. americana em camundongos. A toxicidade aguda foi avaliada pela administração dos extratos, via intraperitoneal. Para o estudo da toxicidade subaguda os animais foram tratados oralmente com os extratos por 14 dias. O efeito ansiolítico dos extratos foi determinado através do modelo do labirinto em cruz elevado e o efeito antinociceptivo, mediante o teste da placa quente. O valor da DL50 para o extrato das partes aéreas da D. americana foi definido como > 500 mg/kg, enquanto que para o extrato da casca da raiz foi estabelecido em 400 mg/kg. O extrato das partes aéreas da D. americana apresentou atividade ansiolítica (250 mg/kg) e antinociceptiva (125, 200 e 250 mg/kg). O extrato da casca da raiz da D. americana não apresentou efeito ansiolítico nem antinociceptivo

Consenso colombiano de atención, diagnóstico y manejo de la infección por SARS-COV-2/COVID-19 en establecimientos de atención de la salud Recomendaciones basadas en consenso de expertos e informadas en la evidencia

The “Asociación Colombiana de Infectología” (ACIN) and the “Instituto de Evaluación de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Salud” (IETS) created a task force to develop recommendations for Covid 19 health care diagnosis, management and treatment informed, and based, on evidence. Theses reccomendations are addressed to the health personnel on the Colombian context of health services. © 2020 Asociacion Colombiana de Infectologia. All rights reserved

Evaluating the probability of avoiding disease-related extinctions of Panamanian amphibians through captive breeding programs

Amphibians around the world are declining from threats that cannot currently be mitigated, making it impossible to safeguard some species in their natural habitats. Amphibians in the mountainous neotropics are one example where severe diseaserelated declines prompted calls for the establishment of captive assurance colonies to avoid extinctions. We surveyed experts in Panamanian amphibians to determine the probability of avoiding chytridiomycosis-related extinctions using captive breeding programs. We ranked Panamanian amphibian species by perceived susceptibility to chytridiomycosis, then calculated the likelihood of avoiding extinction as the product of three probabilities, which include (1) finding sufficient founder animals, (2) successfully breeding these species in captivity and (3) becoming extinct in the wild. The likelihood of finding enough animals to create a captive founding population was low for many rare species, especially for salamanders and caecilians. It was also low for frogs which were once regularly encountered, but have already disappeared including Atelopus chiriquiensis, Craugastor emcelae, C. obesus, C. punctariolus, C. rhyacobatrachus, Ecnomiohyla rabborum, Isthmohyla calypsa and Oophaga speciosa. Our results indicate that captive breeding could improve the odds of avoiding extinction for species that have severely declined or are likely to decline due to chytridiomycosis including Atelopus certus, A. glyphus, A. limosus, A. varius, A. zeteki, Anotheca spinosa, Gastrotheca cornuta, Agalychnis lemur and Hemiphractus fasciatus. Priority species that experts predicted were highly susceptible to chytridiomycosis that might also benefit from ex situ management include Craugastor tabasarae, C. azueroensis, C. evanesco, Strabomantis bufoniformis and Colostethus panamansis. In spite of high levels of uncertainty, this expert assessment approach allowed us to refine our priorities for captive amphibian programs in Panama and identify priority conservation actions with a clearer understanding of the probability of success.Amphibians around the world are declining from threats that cannot currently be mitigated, making it impossible to safeguard some species in their natural habitats. Amphibians in the mountainous neotropics are one example where severe diseaserelated declines prompted calls for the establishment of captive assurance colonies to avoid extinctions. We surveyed experts in Panamanian amphibians to determine the probability of avoiding chytridiomycosis-related extinctions using captive breeding programs. We ranked Panamanian amphibian species by perceived susceptibility to chytridiomycosis, then calculated the likelihood of avoiding extinction as the product of three probabilities, which include (1) finding sufficient founder animals, (2) successfully breeding these species in captivity and (3) becoming extinct in the wild. The likelihood of finding enough animals to create a captive founding population was low for many rare species, especially for salamanders and caecilians. It was also low for frogs which were once regularly encountered, but have already disappeared including Atelopus chiriquiensis, Craugastor emcelae, C. obesus, C. punctariolus, C. rhyacobatrachus, Ecnomiohyla rabborum, Isthmohyla calypsa and Oophaga speciosa. Our results indicate that captive breeding could improve the odds of avoiding extinction for species that have severely declined or are likely to decline due to chytridiomycosis including Atelopus certus, A. glyphus, A. limosus, A. varius, A. zeteki, Anotheca spinosa, Gastrotheca cornuta, Agalychnis lemur and Hemiphractus fasciatus. Priority species that experts predicted were highly susceptible to chytridiomycosis that might also benefit from ex situ management include Craugastor tabasarae, C. azueroensis, C. evanesco, Strabomantis bufoniformis and Colostethus panamansis. In spite of high levels of uncertainty, this expert assessment approach allowed us to refine our priorities for captive amphibian programs in Panama and identify priority conservation actions with a clearer understanding of the probability of success