EVALUATION OF THE EXHAUSTIVE EXTRACTION YIELDS FOR TEUCRIUM POLIUM L. FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WEST BANK - PALESTINE

Objective: Teucrium polium L. aerial parts have been used by local populations of Palestine for the treatment of various diseases as diabetes mellitus, amoeba, intestinal spasms and diarrhea for that the interest of using this herbal remedy among researchers and populations increased, this study was aimed to evaluate the best area in Palestine that may be considered the best source of collection and cultivation for Teucrium polium plant in the future, to be a good source for manufacturing active pharmaceutical dosage forms from this plant.Method: The yield of the organic and water extraction method assessed by using exhaustive extraction method, by steeping the plant in ethanol, water and hexane to extract all the chemical ingredients without heating to prevent destroying or changing the plant chemical constituents.Results: the best aqueous and organic yields were in Bethlehem region (6.4%, 2.6 %), while the lowest aqueous and organic yields were in Qalqilya (4.96%, 1.16%).Conclusion: We recommended the pharmaceutical companies; Bethlehem region as the best area for cultivation and collection Teucrium plant for manufacturing the best standardized pharmaceutical dosage forms also we recommended the researchers to use the Teucrium plant from this region for their scientific research.Â

Influence of sonication and in vitro evaluation of nifedipine self‑nanoemulsifying drug delivery system

In order to develop a self-nanoemulsifying system, three components, olive oil, Tween 80, and Capmul, were used to construct a ternary phase diagram that helped to find the optimum formulation, which was loaded with nifedipine. The effect of sonication on drug loading was also evaluated. After that, measurement of the droplet size, size distribution, zeta potential, and scanning electron microscopy were conducted for evaluation and characterisation of the formulations. The phase diagram of four formulations showed nanosizes below 200 nm; however, only one was selected to be loaded with nifedipine. The selected formulation had the lowest droplet size of 98 nm and size distribution 0.192, and was composed of 48% Tween 80, 32% Capmul, and 20% olive oil. The nifedipine self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) showed a significant change in the particle size (97 nm) and size distribution (0.257) after sonication. Its zeta potential was -32.3 mV indicating good stability. The SEM photographs of nifedipine showed particles with spherical shape and smooth surface. Finally, a self-nanoemulsifying formulation containing nifedipine, loaded in olive oil, was successfully prepared by mixing the oil with various types of surfactants and co-surfactants. A significant nifedipine self-nanoemulsifying system was developed and significantly improved accordingly

Adsorption of diclofenac from aqueous solution using Cyclamen persicum tubers based activated carbon (CTAC)

AbstractThis study aims to use the tissues of Cyclamen persicum tubers to prepare activated carbon (CTAC) by different methods then to set up a thermodynamic study of the pharmaceutical diclofenac sodium (DCF) adsorption from aqueous solution onto this activated carbon. Optimum percent of DCF removal was 72% when CTAC dosage was 0.25g and DCF concentration 50mg/L. Percentage removal of DCF increases when the concentration of DCF increases as the maximum percentage removal reached 81% when DCF concentration was 70mg/L and 0.7g CTAC and pH ranging from 6 to 2.Freundlich model describes efficiently adsorption isotherm of DCF onto CTAC with n equal to 1.398 whose value indicates a favorable adsorption. This finding validates the assumption of multilayer physical adsorption process of DCF. The results showed that DCF was physically adsorbed onto CTAC, as confirmed by the values of ΔH° minor than 40kJ/mol. As ΔG° had negative charge, the adsorption process is exothermic, and the adsorption process of the DCF onto CTAC is spontaneous, depending on temperature

The fate of leachate of pharmaceuticals like amoxicillin, ibuprofen and caffeine in the soil using soil columns

From an environmental engineering point of view, pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics are a group of man-made chemicals of concern entering the environment in concentrations at which, the health effects are unknown. The problem that may be created by the presence of antibiotics at low concentrations in the environment is the development of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. In this study, three pharmaceutical drugs manufactured in Palestine were studied in waste water and their adsorption in agriculture soil was studied using soil columns. During the study of soil columns, it was noted that the concentration of caffeine in leachate was higher than that of ibuprofen and amoxicillin, as caffeine has higher aqueous solubility. Ibuprofen and amoxicillin were present in leachate with very small concentrations, due to their degradation and decomposition into other substances that may be harmful, and affect the natural properties of soil, groundwater and human health. The decomposition percentages of the pharmaceuticals in the soil columns were 97.82, 97.88 and 86.52% for amoxicillin, ibuprofen and caffeine for one year’s study, respectively. For the fifteen years, the decomposition percentages were 94.04, 96.60 and 93.70% for amoxicillin, ibuprofen and caffeine, respectively

SYNTHESIS AND FORMULATION OF IBUPROFEN PRO-DRUGS FOR ENHANCED TRANSDERMAL ABSORPTION

Objectives: The aim is to synthesize ibuprofen prodrugs that have more suitable physicochemical properties and formulate them into a liquid formulation for topical administration. The transdermal delivery (TDD) is one of the most attractive routes for drug administration as it eliminates the GIT absorption variable, improves patient compliance and also reduces drug plasma fluctuations. However, TDD only drugs with suitable physico-chemical properties can be absorbed. The oral administration of NSAIDs for a long time can cause gastric mucosal damage, which may result in ulceration and bleeding. Thus, the development of a TDD of NSAIDs is of great interest as it decreases GIT side effectsMethods: The synthesis of ibuprofen alkyl esters was carried out by esterification reactions with methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol and hexanol. The formulated samples were then subjected to stability studies according to ICH guidelines.Results: We have successfully synthesized and characterized various esters of ibuprofen. Moreover, ibuprofen butyl ester has been prepared as topical solutions. The formulated TDD was tested for stability according to ICH guidelines and the results showed no changes in the initial appearance during three months of study at room temperature & at 40 °C.Conclusion: The assay and pH were within the pharmacopeial limits during the period of the study. In conclusion, stable topical formulation of Ibuprofen esters was obtained.Â