3,575 research outputs found
Systematics of Aligned Axions
We describe a novel technique that renders theories of axions tractable,
and more generally can be used to efficiently analyze a large class of periodic
potentials of arbitrary dimension. Such potentials are complex energy
landscapes with a number of local minima that scales as , and so for
large appear to be analytically and numerically intractable. Our method is
based on uncovering a set of approximate symmetries that exist in addition to
the periods. These approximate symmetries, which are exponentially close to
exact, allow us to locate the minima very efficiently and accurately and to
analyze other characteristics of the potential. We apply our framework to
evaluate the diameters of flat regions suitable for slow-roll inflation, which
unifies, corrects and extends several forms of "axion alignment" previously
observed in the literature. We find that in a broad class of random theories,
the potential is smooth over diameters enhanced by compared to the
typical scale of the potential. A Mathematica implementation of our framework
is available online.Comment: 68 pages, 17 figure
I\u27m just looking for a Lonesome Girl : Who\u27s just looking for a Lonesome Boy
https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/5874/thumbnail.jp
Low-temperature entropy in JT gravity
For ensembles of Hamiltonians that fall under the Dyson classification of
random matrices with , the low-temperature mean entropy
can be shown to vanish as . A
similar relation holds for Altland-Zirnbauer ensembles. JT gravity has been
shown to be dual to the double-scaling limit of a ensemble, with a
classical eigenvalue density when . We
use universal results about the distribution of the smallest eigenvalues in
such ensembles to calculate up to corrections that we argue are doubly
exponentially small in .Comment: 17 page
Gravity as an ensemble and the moment problem
If a bulk gravitational path integral can be identified with an average of
partition functions over an ensemble of boundary quantum theories, then a
corresponding moment problem can be solved. We review existence and uniqueness
criteria for the Stieltjes moment problem, which include an infinite set of
positivity conditions. The existence criteria are useful to rule out an
ensemble interpretation of a theory of gravity, or to indicate incompleteness
of the gravitational data. We illustrate this in a particular class of 2D
gravities including variants of the CGHS model and JT supergravity. The
uniqueness criterium is relevant for an unambiguous determination of quantities
such as or the quenched free energy. We prove in JT
gravity that perturbation theory, both in the coupling which suppresses
higher-genus surfaces and in the temperature, fails when the number of
boundaries is taken to infinity. Since this asymptotic data is necessary for
the uniqueness problem, the question cannot be settled without a
nonperturbative completion of the theory.Comment: 11+12 page
Direct observation of electron emission from grain boundaries in CVD diamond by PeakForce-controlled tunnelling atomic force microscopy
AbstractA detailed investigation of electron emission from a set of chemical vapour deposited (CVD) diamond films is reported using high-resolution PeakForce-controlled tunnelling atomic force microscopy (PF-TUNA). Electron field emission originates preferentially from the grain boundaries in low-conductivity polycrystalline diamond samples, and not from the top of features or sharp edges. Samples with smaller grains and more grain boundaries, such as nanocrystalline diamond, produce a higher emission current over a more uniform area than diamond samples with larger grain size. Light doping with N, B or P increases the grain conductivity, with the result that the emitting grain-boundary sites become broader as the emission begins to creep up the grain sidewalls. For heavy B doping, where the grains are now more conducting than the grain boundaries, emission comes from both the grain boundaries and the grains almost equally. Lightly P-doped diamond samples show emission from step-edges on the (111) surfaces. Emission intensity was time dependent, with the measured current dropping to ∼10% of its initial value ∼30h after removal from the CVD chamber. This decrease is ascribed to the build-up of adsorbates on the surface along with an increase in the surface conductivity due to surface transfer doping
Axion minima in string theory
We study the landscape of axion theories in compactifications of type IIB
string theory on orientifolds of Calabi-Yau threefolds. In a sample of
approximately 400,000 geometries we find that in the regime of perturbative
control there are only a handful of distinct axion minima per geometry, despite
there being infinitely many instanton contributions to the potential with
unbounded charges. The ensemble we consider has numbers of axion fields ranging
from 1 to 491, but the median number of distinct minima is 1, the mean number
is 1.9 and the largest is 54. These small numbers of minima occur because the
leading axion charge matrix is quite sparse, while the subleading corrections
are increasingly exponentially suppressed as the charges increase. On their
own, such potentials are nowhere near rich enough to be of interest
anthropically. This is in stark contrast to potentials for which the charge
matrix is less sparse or the hierarchies between the instanton contributions
are less steep, where one can find minima for
axions. To generate a sufficiently large landscape from
string compactifications our results indicate that one would need to rely on
varying flux or topology, or to develop tools that allow one to go beyond the
regime we can control with current techniques.Comment: 14+6 pages, 1 figur
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