An innovative method to calibrate a spinner anemometer without the use of yaw position sensor

A spinner anemometer can be used to measure the yaw misalignment and flow inclination experienced by a wind turbine. Previous calibration methods used to calibrate a spinner anemometer for flow angle measurements were based on measurements of a spinner anemometer with default settings (arbitrary values, generally k1,d  =  1 and k2,d  =  1) and a reference yaw misalignment signal measured with a yaw position sensor. The yaw position sensor is normally present in wind turbines for control purposes; however, such a signal is not always available for a spinner anemometer calibration. Therefore, an additional yaw position sensor was installed prior to the spinner anemometer calibration. An innovative method to calibrate the spinner anemometer without a yaw positions sensor was then developed. It was noted that a non-calibrated spinner anemometer that overestimates (underestimates) the inflow angle will also overestimate (underestimate) the wind speed when there is a yaw misalignment. The new method leverages the non-linearity of the spinner anemometer algorithm to find the calibration factor Fα by an optimization process that minimizes the dependency of the wind speed on the yaw misalignment. The new calibration method was found to be rather robust, with Fα values within ±2.7 % of the mean value for four successive tests at the same rotor position

Examining the generalizability of research findings from archival data

This initiative examined systematically the extent to which a large set of archival research findings generalizes across contexts. We repeated the key analyses for 29 original strategic management effects in the same context (direct reproduction) as well as in 52 novel time periods and geographies; 45% of the reproductions returned results matching the original reports together with 55% of tests in different spans of years and 40% of tests in novel geographies. Some original findings were associated with multiple new tests. Reproducibility was the best predictor of generalizability—for the findings that proved directly reproducible, 84% emerged in other available time periods and 57% emerged in other geographies. Overall, only limited empirical evidence emerged for context sensitivity. In a forecasting survey, independent scientists were able to anticipate which effects would find support in tests in new samples

Do Opposites Attract Divorce? Dimensions of Mixed Marriage and the Risk of Divorce in the Netherlands

The level of mixed marriage in a society indicates the openness of that society, since it shows the degree to which people from different social groups intermingle. In the Netherlands, mixed marriage once more attracts national attention because of the marriage between the Dutch Reformed Prince Willem-Alexander and the Catholic Argentinean Máxima Zorreguieta. Previous research has shown that, on average, spouses are quite similar with respect to social characteristics. Reasons for this phenomenon, known as homogamy, are sought in personal preferences and in preferences of the social environment such as parents and friends. The increasing rates of divorce make it both possible and interesting to focus on divorce. Do mixed marriages have a higher risk of ending up in divorce? The image of the openness of society will be extended and may have to be adapted, depending on the stability of mixed marriages. Couples can be mixed with regard to a number of social characteristics. Most of the limited research conducted on the relationship between mixed marriage and divorce only looked at one specific characteristic, or maybe a few, on which spouses may differ. In the present study, dimensions of six types of heterogamy are taken into account: regarding age, level of education, social status, religious affiliation, ethnicity and social origin. The author uses quantitative methods on two unique data sets: official marriage and divorce registrations and a survey among married and divorced people. In this way, he investigates the influence of mixed marriage on the risk of divorce in the Netherlands. Explanations for this influence, derived from the expected advantages of homogamy, are tested. Possible changes over the course of marriage and over time are investigated. The quality of spouse selection is assessed in the light of mixed marriage as well.

Nucleoside analogs with a 1,4-dioxane, 1,4-oxathiane or 1,4-oxazine ring structure as the carbohydrate fragment

Pyrimidine and purine nucleoside analogues with a 1,4‐dioxane, 1,4‐oxathiane or 1,4‐oxazine ring structure have been prepared from the corresponding dimesylated seconucleosides by treatment with either sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide or primary alkylamines. Copyright © 1990 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheimstatus: publishe

Protection of the lactam function of 2'-deoxyinosine with a 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-ethyl moiety

The reaction of 0-protected inosine with p-nitrophenyl ethanol under Mitsunobu conditions yields a mixture of the 1– and 06 – alkylated derivatives. 2'-Deoxyinosine protected on 06 –, can be synthesized fairly easy from deoxyguanosine with a Mitsunobu reaction followed by reductive deamination. © 1988, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.status: publishe

Synthesis and 29-14C-labeling of 3 alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-27-carboxymethyl-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acid, a bile acid occurring in peroxisomal diseases

The synthesis and 14C-labeling of 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-27-carboxymethyl-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid by two different approaches is described. One of them involves chain elongation of cholic acid via Wittig-Horner condensation of its formylated 24-aldehyde with tetraethyl phosphonoglutarate. The resulting cholestenoate, on deprotection and hydrogenation, affords the unusual C29 bile acid in good yield. An alternative procedure consists in a malonic ester synthesis starting from the formylated 24-alcohol which, after conversion into a mesylate, is reacted with sodium salt of 2-carboethoxy-gamma-butyrolactone. Alkaline hydrolysis, decarboxylation, esterification with diazomethane and selective tosylation of the newly introduced primary hydroxyl function give a C28 precursor, which is easily chain-elongated into a labeled or unlabeled C29 bile acid by reaction with cyanide and hydrolysis. Due to the easy lactonization of some of the C28 intermediates, the latter method provides a better way for introducing a C-29 label than the sequence usually employed for carboxyl labeling of bile acids and consisting in a decarboxylative halogenation of the parent acid followed by substitution of the norhalogenide with [14C]cyanide and hydrolysis. The structure of the synthesized acid or its dimethyl ester is confirmed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and is also shown by gas liquid chromatography to be identified with an authentic sample of biosynthetic C29 dioic bile acid extracted from body fluids of Zellweger patients.status: publishe

Synthesis of 2,4-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hexopyranosyl nucleosides

The synthesis of 1-(2,4-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-hexopyranosyl)thymine (12)1 was accomplished using two different synthetic routes. It was obtained starting either from 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose or from tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal. The other modified nucleosides, with either a cytosine, guanine, or adenine moiety, were synthesized using the second reaction scheme. Deoxygenation reactions were accomplished with the (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)thiocarbonyl derivatives generated in situ.status: publishe