Treatment Considerations for Mandibulectomy Patients with Temporomandibular Dysfunction

U radu se opisuje rehabilitacija deformiteta mastikatornog sustava i temporomandibularne disfunkcije (TMD-a) nakon operativnog uklanjanja malignog tumora donje čeljusti i radijacijske terapije regije glave i vrata. Uspješna protetska rehabilitacija i prihvatljivi konačni odnos gornje i donje čeljusti postignuti su zahvaljujući miofunkcionalnoj fi zikalnoj terapiji, udlagama za repoziciju, privremenim štitnicima te okluzalnim usklađivanjem ili modifi kacijama oblika nadomjestaka. Opisana je protetska opskrba pacijenata s poslijeoperativnim defektima donje čeljusti (nakon hemimandibulektomije) te uloga potporne fi zikalne terapije i mioterapije kako bi se ponovno postigla funkcionalna učinkovitost mastikatornog sistema.This study discusses rehabilitation of masticatory system deformities and temporomandibular dysfunctions (TMD’s) following surgery for malignant tumors of the mandible and radiation therapy of the head and neck region. Successful prosthodontic rehabilitation results and acceptable fi nal maxillomandibular relationships were achieved with the help of myofunctional training therapy, repositioning splints, temporary mouth-guard appliances, and occlusal adjustments or modifi cations of denture design. Prosthodontic treatment of patients with postoperative mandibular defects (following hemi-mandibulectomy) is described, and the role of supporting physiotherapy and myotherapy in regaining functional effi ciency of the masticatory system was emphasised

Treatment Considerations for Mandibulectomy Patients with Temporomandibular Dysfunction

U radu se opisuje rehabilitacija deformiteta mastikatornog sustava i temporomandibularne disfunkcije (TMD-a) nakon operativnog uklanjanja malignog tumora donje čeljusti i radijacijske terapije regije glave i vrata. Uspješna protetska rehabilitacija i prihvatljivi konačni odnos gornje i donje čeljusti postignuti su zahvaljujući miofunkcionalnoj fi zikalnoj terapiji, udlagama za repoziciju, privremenim štitnicima te okluzalnim usklađivanjem ili modifi kacijama oblika nadomjestaka. Opisana je protetska opskrba pacijenata s poslijeoperativnim defektima donje čeljusti (nakon hemimandibulektomije) te uloga potporne fi zikalne terapije i mioterapije kako bi se ponovno postigla funkcionalna učinkovitost mastikatornog sistema.This study discusses rehabilitation of masticatory system deformities and temporomandibular dysfunctions (TMD’s) following surgery for malignant tumors of the mandible and radiation therapy of the head and neck region. Successful prosthodontic rehabilitation results and acceptable fi nal maxillomandibular relationships were achieved with the help of myofunctional training therapy, repositioning splints, temporary mouth-guard appliances, and occlusal adjustments or modifi cations of denture design. Prosthodontic treatment of patients with postoperative mandibular defects (following hemi-mandibulectomy) is described, and the role of supporting physiotherapy and myotherapy in regaining functional effi ciency of the masticatory system was emphasised

Self-perception of intergenerational mobility in light of changing social structure

The aim of this paper is to discuss intergenerational mobility in Poland. Main attention is given to subjective perception of social mobility. The author is interested in how individuals perceive, explain and assess their social position and trajectory, and thereby how dynamics of social structure is intertwined with personal experience. She discusses social mobility in terms of objective measures and categories, with particular focus on comparison between respondents’ social status and their fathers’ status, and thereafter compares it with subjective perception of upward or downward social mobility. The analysis is based on three waves of POLPAN survey (1988, 2013, 2018), an academic research project conducted by the Polish Academy of Sciences

The results of 3- and 6-month follow up in patients with dry AMD treated with 2RTTM laser

Kluczowym komponentem patogenezy degeneracji plamki związanej z  wiekiem (AMD) jest pogrubienie błony Brucha (BM), utrudniające transport składników odżywczych i  produktów przemiany materii, co skutkuje pojawieniem się złogów (druzów) pomiędzy nabłonkiem barwnikowym siatkówki (RPE) a  BM. Powoduje to degradację RPE i  fotoreceptorów. Wykazano doświadczalnie, że lasery impulsowe mogą doprowadzić do zmniejszenia druzów i poprawy transportu produktów przemiany materii przez BM. Użycie impulsowego nanosekundowego lasera (2RTTM, Retinal Rejuvenation Therapy) działającego na poziomie energii podprogowej łączy korzystny efekt lasera bez równoczesnej indukcji zapalenia i bez uszkodzenia fotoreceptorów. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki terapii laserem 2RTTM u 610 chorych z pośrednią postacią AMD i ocenę skutków tej terapii po 3 i 6 miesiącach od jej zastosowania. Skutki terapii badano za pomocą oceny czułości siatkówki w plamce (mikroperymetr Maia), stanu siatkówki przy użyciu optycznej koherentnej tomografii (Spectralis HRA+OCT) oraz oceny ostrości wzroku i widzenia barwnego. Stwierdzono: wybitną poprawę wrażliwości plamki na światło po 3 miesiącach od zastosowania terapii 2RTTM, mniejszą zaś po 6 miesiącach, poprawę ostrości wzroku utrwaloną po 6 miesiącach, bez wyraźnej równoległości z obrazem OCT i widzeniem barw.Bruch’s membrane thickening, which impairs nutrient and metabolite transport, constitutes the key aspect in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As a result, the deposits (drusen) form between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch’s membrane, causing degradation of both RPE and photoreceptor cells. It has been shown experimentally that pulse lasers may help decrease drusen size and improve metabolite transport through the Bruch’s membrane. Using a nanosecond pulse laser (2RTTM, Retinal Rejuvenation Therapy), operating at subthreshold energy levels, combines the beneficial laser effect with the prevention of laser-induced inflammation or photoreceptor damage. Below, we present the results of 2RTTM treatment in 610 patients with intermediate AMD, assessed at 3 and 6 months following treatment. The effect of treatment was assessed with Maia microperimetry (macular sensitivity assessment), optical coherence tomography (Spectralis HRA + OCT) as well as visual acuity and colour vision testing. Our findings included: an extreme improvement in macular sensitivity at 3 months following 2RTTM, with a subsequent decrease at 6 months, visual acuity improvements maintained at 6 months, yet without a correlation with OCT and colour vision improvement

Social Structure in Poland: Class Dimension of Social Inequality

W pierwszej części artykułu – wbrew hipotezie „o śmierci klas” – argumentujemy na rzecz tezy o ważności klas społecznych. Po 1945 roku klasy społeczne w Polsce stały się całościami wewnętrznie zróżnicowanymi ze względu na podstawowe zasoby jednostki – formalne wykształcenie, pozycję zawodową i dochody z pracy, a także ze względu na postawy wobec siebie i społeczeństwa. Odnosząc się do danych historycznych, wykazujemy, że w czasach realnego socjalizmu struktura klasowa – wyjąwszy nomenklaturę – była względnie egalitarna. Przedstawione analizy opierają się na danych z Polskiego Badania Panelowego, który to panel jest projektem realizowanym w pięcioletnich odstępach, począwszy od roku 1988. W artykule wykazujemy, że pod względem ogólnej pozycji społecznej – mierzonej poziomem wykształcenia, statusem społeczno-zawodowym i dochodami z pracy – klasy społeczne ulegają polaryzacji. Okazuje się także, iż zwycięzcy postkomunistycznej transformacji, a więc przedsiębiorcy, menedżerowie i specjaliści przejawiają silniejsze postawy prorynkowe i prodemokratyczne niż czynią to pozostałe klasy, a zwłaszcza niewykwalifikowani robotnicy i rolnicy.In the introductory part of this paper we argue against the “death of class” hypothesis. Since 1945 in Poland social classes have been entities clearly stratified according to the basic individuals’ resources – such as formal education, occupational rank, and job income – and general attitudes toward self and society. Using historical data, we show that during the “real existing socialism” class structure was relatively egalitarian, with exception of the nomeklatura positions. Our own main empirical analysis is based on the data from the Polish Panel Survey POLPAN, a study conducted every five year since 1989. We demonstrate that social classes become more polarized with respect to general social stratification position measured by education, occupational status and income. We also find that winners of the post-communist transformation – employers, managers, and professionals – reveal stronger pro-market and pro-democracy stances than other social classes, with unskilled factory workers and farmers as most apparent opposite groups

From inequality to polarisation: class structure divide and the differences in social and political attitudes

The paper presents the dynamics of class structure transformation since the year 1988 focusing on the ongoing stratification of formal education, occupational status and the per capita income. Distance separating wealthy business-owners from the less fortunate keeps growing as a result of wealth concentration on the one hand and continuous pauperization on the other. These processes are reflected in the so-called St. Matthew effect. It – roughly speaking – predicts that those who have much will eventually have more while those who have little will have even less. The growing social inequality in Poland occurs in the class-structural context. It is worthwhile to know whether the St. Matthew effect is also instrumental in generating opposite social and political orientations. To answer this question we examine the data of the Polish Panel Survey 1988–2008 (POLPAN). Our analysis demonstrates that location of individuals in the social-class structure influences their attitudes toward market economy and their perception of social conflicts.Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00

Polarized Social-Class Structure: On the Matthew Effect and Increasing Inequality

The Matthew effect, considered in the broad context of a whole society, implies that increasing social inequality results from the accumulation of advantages provided by wealth and by the amassing of disadvantages associated with poverty. We formulate a hypothesis according to which the Matthew effect manifests itself in the polarization of opposite social classes even if the adaptive abilities of people belonging to different classes are controlled. The test of this hypothesis is primarily based on data drawn from the Polish Panel Survey (POLPAN), a survey in which respondents from a national sample were interviewed in 1988, 1993, 1998, and 2003. Additional data were obtained from surveys conducted in 1978 and 2006. All these data show that (a) during the last decade of the communist regime in Poland, the level of income inequality was relatively low and stable; (b) the change in the class structure occurring between 1989 and 1993 resulted in the rapid growth of social inequality, and (c) inequality increased up to 2006. The hypothesis stating that income inequality is rooted in the class structure, independently of people’s adaptive abilities, is fully supported. Theoretical and practical implications of results supporting our hypothesis are also discussed

Changes in Class Structure in Poland, 1988–2003: Crystallization of the Winners-Losers’ Divide

This paper builds on the work of Słomczyn´ski and Janicka (2005) and examines changes in the social structure in Poland, and the role of social classes on public opinion formation. The main hypothesis is that the divide between winners and losers crystallizes over time, as the social distance that separates these categories solidifies, and their reaction to economic and political transformation becomes increasingly divergent. Using data from the Polish panel survey POLPAN, conducted in 1988, 1993, 1998 and 2003, we find that the main changes in the class structure in Poland occurred between 1988 and 1993. Following 1993, the patterns of the post-communist social structure start to settle, becoming, by 2003, typical of a capitalist society. Results further show substantial and significant differences between the privileged and the disadvantaged in evaluation of socialism, as well as in their subjective assessment of changes in life, and active and passive support for the institution of elections

Social Structure in Poland: POLPAN 2008

POLPAN is a panel study in focused on describing social structure and its change during the post-communist transformation in Poland. It is conducted in five year waves beginning with 1988. In 1988, the survey was conducted among a national sample representing Poland’s adult population (aged 21-65), with N = 5,817. In 1993, this sample was randomly reduced and 2,259 respondents took part in the study. Researchers tried to reach them in each of the consecutive five-year waves. To ensure an adequate age balance, additional subsamples involving young cohorts have been supplemented later. Employment. Self-employment and working independently. Irregular employment and additional jobs. Unemployment. Chances of success and sources of conflicts. Opinions about income. Opinions about society. Privatization and the market. Status evaluation and views on social issues. Friends. Family and household. Computer and the Internet, Basic data. Physical health/psychological items. Raven’s Test. Religion. Topics: 1. Employment: occupation; number of jobs; work situation; beginning of occupation in current firm (year/month); ISCO 88 International Occupational Classification; Polish SCO-2009 Occupational Classification; 14 socio-occupational categories; SES 1979 scale of socioeconomic status; scale of occupational prestige 1979 and 2009; scale of skill requirements; scale of the complexity of work; scale of material remuneration; establishment of the company (year); industry (NACE); size of enterprise (employees working in firm); job entry; someone else worked in this position before; job started (year/month); supervisory position; number of subordinates; level of supervising; hours worked weekly; limited/unlimited time employment/full time job/part time job (employment contract); unregistered employment; losing a job is impossible or certain; losing a job throughout a year; job commitment duration in months; number of months to the end of job commitment; expectation after the expiry of the employment contract; earnings on the job per month in Zloty; basic fixed salary/wage; second job (work situation). 2. Self-employment and working independently: start of self-employment (year/month); self-employed farmer or other activities; industry (NACE); ISCO 88 International Occupational Classification; Polish SCO-2009 Occupational Classification; 14 socio-occupational categories; scale of skill requirements; scale of the complexity of work; scale of material remuneration; SES 1979 scale of socioeconomic status; scale of occupational prestige 1979 and 2009; cultivated agricultural area and non-cultivated agricultural area (number of hectares); contract to sell agricultural products from farm; income per month; ownership (company/farm); business created or transferred; hours worked weekly; employing non- family members; number of non- family members employed; target size; losing a job is impossible or certain; losing a job throughout a year; comparison of profit against competitors; preference to work as employee; self-employment second job: work situation; employing non-family members; number of non-family members employed. 3. Irregular employment and additional jobs: first additional job: having supervisor in this job; supervisory position; number of supervisees; ISCO 88 International Occupational Classification; Polish SCO-2009 Occupational Classification; 14 socio-occupational categories; scale of skill requirements; scale of the complexity of work; scale of material remuneration; SES 1979 scale of socioeconomic status; scale of occupational prestige 1979 and 2009; job started (year/month); someone worked at that position before; weekly hours of work; earnings per month in Zloty; respondent has another job; second additional job: supervisory position; number of subordinates; ISCO 88 International Occupational Classification; Polish SCO-2009 Occupational Classification; 14 socio-occupational categories; scale of skill requirements; scale of the complexity of work; scale of material remuneration; SES 1979 scale of socioeconomic status; scale of occupational prestige 1979 and 2009; job started (year/month); someone worked at that position before; hours worked weekly; earnings per month in Zloty; losing a job is impossible or certain; losing a job throughout a year. 4. Unemployment: how are qualifications utilized in the job; work involves direct or indirect contacts with other people; number of hours a week spent on contacts with other people; work involves reading, writing or data processing; number of hours a week spent with data; current activity or source of income; year when pension, studies, housekeeping or unemployment started; sought employment from January 2003 until today; periods of job searching: start of first to third period of job searching (year/month); finish of first to third period of job searching (year/month); other jobs between 1 January 2003 and number of jobs. 5. Occupational history: occupational history from first to fifth job: work situation; ISCO 88 International Occupational Classification; Polish SCO-2009 Occupational Classification; 14 socio-occupational categories; SES 1979 scale of socioeconomic status; scale of occupational prestige 1979 and 2009; scale of skill requirements; scale of the complexity of work; scale of material remuneration; job started (year/month); someone worked at that position before; respondent worked in the same firm before; kind of employment; limited/unlimited time employment/full time job/part time job (employment contract); unregistered employment; earnings per month in Zloty; basic fixed salary/wage; non-family members employed; target size; earnings per month after taxes; hours worked weekly; job terminated (year/month); reason of job termination; another job later; ever interruption in work career more than 3 months; number of interruptions; first to fifth interruption in occupational history: reason; starting year; ending year; number of months; ever had a job abroad for 3 months or more; year stopped to work abroad. 6. Chances of success and sources of conflicts: criteria for achieving success in life: ambition, networks, hard work, political influence, coming from a rich family, good education, luck, inherited ability and talent; influence of the government on unemployment and on corruption; sources of conflicts: rich vs. poor, manual vs. non-manual workers, managers vs. supervisees, city dwellers vs. country people, believers vs. nonbelievers, those in power vs. others, firm owners vs. employees; own fault, or the fault of other people or circumstances if something goes wrong in life; most people can be trusted. 7. Opinions about income: preferred tax for different income groups (value in Zloty and percentage). 8. Opinions about society: opinions on political and economic changes in Poland; evaluation of the current economic system in Poland; opinion on democracy: democracy is always the best form of government vs. non-democratic government is sometimes better vs. no difference between the two. 9. Privatization and the market: opinion on privatization of state enterprises/restrictions on privatization; restrictions on buying property (foreign capital, old nomenklatura, present political elite, people without experience running a business); market price vs. state determined prices for basic food products; readiness to assume risk for establishing a firm; amount willing to spend for establishing a firm. 10. Status evaluation and views on social issues: subjective assessment of social position on a 10 point scale; in Poland no government was formed which can be trusted; politicians do not care what people really think; among those who govern there are many corrupted people; voters have too little influence on how the country is governed; one should always show respect to authorities; it is wrong to do something differently from previous generations; it is not wrong becoming rich because of employees’ work, the government wastes too much of taxes; politics is so complicated that people do not understand what is happening; state should assist children from poor families in higher education; one good political party in Poland would make other parties unnecessary; state should reduce differences in incomes; state should provide jobs for everyone who wants to work; it is worthwhile to try a new business even if it is uncertain; democracy means minority yields to majority; in politics, mutual concessions are the best way of solving problems; obedience is the most important issue to teach children; minority should have an unlimited right to criticize majority in political life; elections are not necessary if leaders represent the interest of citizens; good leader need not obey the law; certain groups should be stripped of voting rights; catholic church has too much influence in politics; two kinds of people: weak and strong; impact on the country of Poland’s entry into the European Union; impact on respondent’s life of Poland’s EU-entry; opinion about terms of participation in military actions against terrorism; extent of interest in politics. 11. Friends: total number of close friends; relations between close friends; people among the friends on whom the respondent could rely; number of people the respondent could rely in difficult situations; occupational information on the closest friend: ISCO 88 International Occupational Classification; Polish SCO-2009 Occupational Classification; 14 socio-occupational categories; scale of skill requirements; scale of the complexity of work; scale of material remuneration; SES 1979 scale of socioeconomic status; scale of occupational prestige 1979 and 2009. 12. Family and household: marital status of respondent; marriage beginning year; living with partner; year of divorce or widowhood; long-lasting relationship other than marriage (beginning year); spouse/partner: work situation; ISCO 88 International Occupational Classification; Polish SCO-2009 Occupational Classification; 14 socio-occupational categories; SES 1979 scale of socioeconomic status; scale of occupational prestige 1979 and 2009; scale of skill requirements; scale of the complexity of work; scale of material remuneration; supervisory position of spouse/partner; hours worked weekly; limited/unlimited time employment/full time job/part time job (employment contract); unregistered employment; losing a job is impossible or certain; earnings on the job per month in Zloty; basic fixed salary/wage; non-family members employed; target size; earnings per month after taxes; education; continuous education; year of birth, number of people in the household; disability or long term illness of the respondent; number of people in the household in paid work; number of unemployed people in the household; children in the household; sex and age of each child and specification whether this child is own child or husband’s/wife’s/partner’s child; household members number one to five: relationship with respondent, sex, year of birth; any person with a disability or long term illness in the household (respondent, partner or other person); respondent lives with parents; year the respondent stopped living with parents; respondent lives in a different town; respondent’s parents live in the same town; average monthly income of household; household income includes outside source; average monthly spending on food; spending on food if income increased by half; average monthly spending on cultural items; spending on cultural items if income increased by half; household repays loans, real estate loans or mortgage credit; average monthly payments for credit/loans; financial problems in last 12 months in spending on: food, utilities, cultural items, leisure time, medical care and education; financial solvency: possibility to acquire money in the short term (within a week); sources of household income; housing situation: year started to live in dwelling. Interviewer rating: interview conducted at respondent’s house or other place; type of the building; apartment/ house is inside a gated community; ownership of the apartment/ house; renting house/ apartment; number of rooms in dwelling; number of square meters; number of books in the household; possession of a car; value of the car according to the insurance company; evaluation of respondent’s standard of living. 13. Computer and the Internet: household equipment: cable/satellite TV; computer/laptop; access to the internet; using a computer; computer literacy (e.g. send e-mail, create and name a folder, etc.); number of hours a week spend on computer at home, at work, and in other places; using the internet or e-mail; reasons why not using the internet; frequency of using the internet for different activities (e.g. working at home or at work place, shopping, paying bills, etc.); year the respondent started using the internet. 14. Basic data: age of father; father’s occupation at respondents present age and at the age of 14 years: ISCO 88 International Occupational Classification; Polish SCO-2009 Occupational Classification; 14 socio-occupational categories; scale of skill requirements; scale of the complexity of work; scale of material remuneration; SES 1979 scale of socioeconomic status; scale of occupational prestige 1979 and 2009; social position as compared to father’s at respondent’s present age; respondent has siblings; number of siblings; oldest sibling: sex, age (year of birth), and education; education of mother; education of father; education of respondent; beginning year and ending year of last school completed; special field of education (ISCED); respondent continues education; school currently attended: mode of study, schooling with tuition; occupational training more than 1 month; ending year of completed courses; participated in elections for Sejm and Senate in 2005, and in 2007; party voted for in elections for Sejm and Senate in 2005, and in 2007; respondent would participate in elections if they happened today; party respondent would vote for in elections for Sejm and Senate. 15. Physical health and psychological items: self-evaluation of physical health as compared with others in the same age; height in centimeters, weight in kilograms; self-evaluation of physical health and psychological mood in total; Raven’s Test: total score of items considered after five minutes; present state of physical health and psychological mood; present state of health is causing problems with work, looking after the home, social life, home life, sex life, interests and hobbies, and vacations. 16. Religion: belonging to religious community; frequency of attending mass. Demography: sex; year of birth, age. Additionally coded was: ID; region; voivodship; size of locality; questionnaire version; date of interview (year, month); sample weight.POLPAN ist eine Panelstudie zur Beschreibung der sozialen Struktur und ihres Wandels während der postkommunistischen Transformation in Polen. Es wird in fünfjährigen Wellen ab 1988 durchgeführt. Im Jahr 1988 wurde die Erhebung unter einer nationalen Stichprobe der erwachsenen Bevölkerung Polens (21-65 Jahre) mit N = 5.817 durchgeführt. Im Jahr 1993 wurde diese Stichprobe stichprobenartig reduziert und 2.259 Befragte nahmen an der Studie teil. Die Forscher versuchten, sie in jeder der aufeinander folgenden fünfjährigen Wellen zu erreichen. Um eine angemessene Altersbilanz zu gewährleisten, wurden später weitere Teilproben mit jungen Kohorten ergänzt. Beschäftigung. Selbständigkeit und selbständiges Arbeiten. Unregelmäßige Beschäftigung und zusätzlicher Job. Arbeitslosigkeit. Erfolgschancen und Konfliktquellen. Meinungen über Einkommen. Meinungen über die Gesellschaft. Privatisierung und der Markt. Statusbewertung und Ansichten zu sozialen Fragen. Freunde. Familie und Haushalt. Computer und Internet, Basisdaten. Körperliche Gesundheit und psychologische Items. Raven´s Test. Religion. Themen: 1. Beschäftigung: Beruf; Anzahl der Arbeitsplätze; Arbeitssituation; Beginn der Beschäftigung in der aktuellen Firma (Jahr/Monat); ISCO 88 Internationale Berufsklassifikation; Polnische SCO-2009 Berufsklassifikation; 14 sozio-arbeitsbezogene Kategorien; SES 1979 Skala des sozioökonomischen Status; Umfang des beruflichen Ansehens 1979 und 2009; Umfang der Qualifikationsanforderungen; Umfang der Komplexität der Arbeit; Umfang der materiellen Vergütung; Gründung des Unternehmens (Jahr); Industrie (NACE); Unternehmensgröße (Anzahl der Arbeitnehmer im Unternehmen); Berufseinstieg; jemand anderes arbeitete zuvor in dieser Position; Arbeitsbeginn (Jahr/Monat); Weisungsbefugnis; Anzahl der Untergebenen; Weisungsniveau; wöchentlich geleistete Arbeitsstunden; befristete/unbefristete Zeitarbeit/ Vollzeitarbeit/Teilzeitarbeit (Arbeitsvertrag); nicht angemeldete Arbeit; Arbeitsplatzverlust unwahrscheinlich oder sicher; Arbeitsplatzverlust während des Jahres; Dauer der Arbeitsplatzverpflichtung in Monaten; Anzahl der Monate bis zum Ende der Arbeitsplatzverpflichtung; Erwartung nach Ablauf des Arbeitsvertrages; Verdienst pro Monat in Zloty; Grundgehalt / Lohn; Nebenbeschäftigung (Arbeitssituation). 2. Selbständigkeit und selbständiges Arbeiten: Beginn der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit (Jahr/Monat); selbständiger Landwirt oder andere Tätigkeiten; Industrie (NACE); ISCO 88 Internationale Berufsklassifikation; Polnische SCO-2009 Berufsklassifikation; 14 sozio-berufliche Kategorien; Skala der Qualifikationsanforderungen; Skala der Komplexität der Arbeit; Skala der materiellen Entlohnung; SES 1979 Skala des sozioökonomischen Status; Skala des beruflichen Prestiges 1979 und 2009; bebaute landwirtschaftliche Fläche und nicht bebaute landwirtschaftliche Fläche (Hektarzahl); Vertrag über den Verkauf landwirtschaftlicher Erzeugnisse vom Bauernhof; Einkommen pro Monat; Eigentum (Betrieb/Bauernhof); Unternehmensgründung oder -übertragung; Wochenarbeitszeit; Beschäftigung von Nicht-Familienmitgliedern; Anzahl der beschäftigten Nicht-Familienmitglieder; Zielgröße; Arbeitsplatzverlust unwahrscheinlich oder sicher; Arbeitsplatzverlust während des Jahres; Vergleich des Gewinns mit Konkurrenten; Präferenz für Arbeit als Arbeitnehmer; Nebenbeschäftigung: Arbeitssituation; Beschäftigung von Nicht-Familienmitgliedern; Zahl der beschäftigten Nicht-Familienmitglieder. 3. Unregelmäßige Beschäftigung und zusätzliche Arbeitsplätze: erste zusätzliche Beschäftigung: mit Vorgesetzten in dieser Position; Weisungsbefugnis; Anzahl der Untergebenen; ISCO 88 International Occupational Classification; Polnische SCO-2009 Occupational Classification; 14 sozio-arbeitsbezogene Kategorien; Skala der Qualifikationsanforderungen; Skala der Komplexität der Arbeit; Skala der materiellen Entlohnung; SES 1979 Skala des sozioökonomischen Status; Skala des beruflichen Prestiges 1979 und 2009; Beginn der Arbeit (Jahr/Monat); Stelle war bereits zuvor besetzt; Wochenarbeitszeit; Monatseinkommen in Zloty; Befragter hat eine andere Arbeitsstelle; zweite zusätzliche Arbeitsstelle: Weisungsbefugnis; Anzahl der Untergebenen; ISCO 88 Internationale Berufsklassifikation; Polnische SCO-2009 Berufsklassifikation; 14 sozio-berufliche Kategorien; Skala der Qualifikationsanforderungen; Skala der Komplexität der Arbeit; Skala der materiellen Vergütung; SES 1979 Skala des sozioökonomischen Status; Skala des beruflichen Prestiges 1979 und 2009; Beginn der Beschäftigung (Jahr/Monat); Stelle war bereits zuvor besetzt; Wochenarbeitszeit; Verdienst pro Monat in Zloty; Arbeitsplatzverlust unwahrscheinlich oder sicher; Arbeitsplatzverlust während des Jahres. 4. Arbeitslosigkeit: Wie werden Qualifikationen in der Arbeit genutzt; Arbeit beinhaltet direkte oder indirekte Kontakte mit anderen Menschen; Anzahl der Stunden pro Woche, die für Kontakte mit anderen Menschen aufgewendet werden; Arbeit beinhaltet Lesen, Schreiben oder Datenverarbeitung; Anzahl der Stunden pro Woche, die mit Daten verbracht werden; aktuelle Tätigkeit oder Einkommensquelle; Jahr, in dem die Rente, das Studium, die Haushaltsführung oder die Arbeitslosigkeit begonnen haben; Arbeitssuche von Januar 2003 bis heute; Zeiten der Arbeitssuche: Beginn des ersten bis dritten Zeitraums der Arbeitssuche (Jahr/Monat); Ende des ersten bis dritten Zeitraums der Arbeitssuche (Jahr/Monat); sonstige Stellen zwischen dem 1. Januar 2003 und Anzahl der Stellen. 5. Beruflicher Werdegang: Beruflicher Werdegang vom ersten bis zum fünften Arbeitsplatz: Arbeitssituation; ISCO 88 International Occupational Classification; Polnische SCO-2009 Occupational Classification; 14 sozio-ökonomische Kategorien; SES 1979 Skala des sozio-ökonomischen Status; Skala des beruflichen Prestige 1979 und 2009; Skala der Qualifikationsanforderungen; Skala der Komplexität der Arbeit; Skala der materiellen Vergütung; angefangene Arbeit (Jahr/Monat); Stelle war bereits vorher besetzt; Befragter hat zuvor in derselben Firma gearbeitet; Art der Beschäftigung; befristete/unbegrenzte Zeitbeschäftigung/Vollzeitbeschäftigung/Teilzeitbeschäftigung (Arbeitsvertrag); nicht registrierte Beschäftigung; Verdienst pro Monat in Zloty; Grundgehalt / Lohn; Nicht-Familienmitglieder beschäftigt; Zielgröße; Verdienst pro Monat nach Steuern; wöchentlich geleistete Arbeitsstunden; Arbeit gekündigt (Jahr/Monat); Grund für die Beendigung des Arbeitsverhältnisses; später anderen Arbeitsplatz; Unterbrechung der beruflichen Laufbahn mehr als 3 Monate; Anzahl der Unterbrechungen; erste bis fünfte Unterbrechung in der beruflichen Laufbahn: Grund; Anfangsjahr; Endjahr; Anzahl der Monate; Job im Ausland für 3 Monate oder mehr; Jahr, in dem der Job im Ausland beendet wurde. 6. Erfolgschancen und Konfliktquellen: Kriterien für den Erfolg im Leben: Ehrgeiz, Netzwerke, harte Arbeit, politischer Einfluss, Abstammung aus einer reich