Mapping regional variation in child-based capabilities.

Fig 2 shows the child-based capability index across first-level administrative units in the Philippines. Source: authors’ calculations using child data from the Philippines DHS (2017) and a base map provided by Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/) (N = 22,158). DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys.</p

Selected characteristics of study countries.

Selected characteristics of study countries.</p

Child-based capabilities in LMICs, 2000–2017.

Fig 1 shows 3 axes, including health (under-five survival), wealth (household wealth), and education (maternal education), using 2 DHS surveys (2000s and 2010s), separately for each country. Under-five survival is represented by the color (blue being high survival and red being low survival) so that points with equal under-five survival in the graph have the same color. For each z value of under-five survival, there is a position for the 2 other x and y components of wealth and education, respectively. The range of the 3 components was normalized (rescaled from 0 to 1) using data on the minimum and maximum values across administrative units within countries. Additional details on the components and sensitivity analyses are presented in the main text and S1 Text and S2 Text. DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys; LMIC, low- and middle-income country.</p

Countries ranked by child-based capability index.

Countries ranked by child-based capability index.</p

Selected characteristics of study respondents (<i>N</i> = 49).

Selected characteristics of study respondents (N = 49).</p

Conceptual framework underpinning the study.

Notes: Authors’ conceptual framework where the perceived benefits of secondary school may impact school enrollment and attendance and in turn the measured education (e.g., increased educational attainment), health (e.g., improved sexual and reproductive health outcomes), and household financial gains (e.g., increased employment opportunities, higher salary, and economic independence). The perceived benefits of formal education may also impact schooling during different periods across the life course (e.g., as child and parent) and for different stakeholders (e.g., children’s household and family members).</p

Perceived health and economic benefits of secondary schooling.

Perceived health and economic benefits of secondary schooling.</p

Earnings regressions for entire Burkina Faso with education as continuous variable.

(DOCX)</p

Wealth regressions for Boucle du Mouhoun, Burkina Faso with education as continuous variable.

(DOCX)</p

Sample characteristics of cohorts followed over time.

(DOCX)</p