Fig 1 shows 3 axes, including health (under-five survival), wealth (household wealth), and education (maternal education), using 2 DHS surveys (2000s and 2010s), separately for each country. Under-five survival is represented by the color (blue being high survival and red being low survival) so that points with equal under-five survival in the graph have the same color. For each z value of under-five survival, there is a position for the 2 other x and y components of wealth and education, respectively. The range of the 3 components was normalized (rescaled from 0 to 1) using data on the minimum and maximum values across administrative units within countries. Additional details on the components and sensitivity analyses are presented in the main text and S1 Text and S2 Text. DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys; LMIC, low- and middle-income country.</p