Soziale Tatherrschaft | Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Täterschaft in organisatorischen Machtapparaten

Die Begriffe Täterschaft und Teilnahme werden nach ganz herrschender Meinung anhand des Kriteriums "Tatherrschaft" voneinander abgegrenzt. Da eine Person nicht zugleich "frei" und "beherrscht" sein kann, rückt über den Begriff der (Tat-)Herrschaft der Begriff der Freiheit ins Zentrum der Fragestellung. Der klassischen Täterlehre liegt eine individualistische Freiheitskonzeption zugrunde, wie sie sich aus der Verantwortungskonzeption des Strafgesetzbuches ableiten lässt (§§ 17, 19-21, 35 StGB). Erteilt ein an der Spitze einer hierarchischen Organisation stehendes Leitungsorgan die Anweisung, eine Straftat zu begehen, und wird diese durch ein schuldhaft handelndes Organ ausgeführt, dann ist der die Straftat anordnende Hintermann Teilnehmer an der vom Ausführungsorgan täterschaftlich begangenen Tat. Entgegen diesem Zurechnungsergebnis wird aber von der Rechtsprechung und der ganz herrschenden Lehre versucht, die Täterschaft des sogenannten Schreibtischtäters zu begründen.Zielsetzung der Arbeit ist es, das darin zum Ausdruck gebrachte Vorverständnis der ganz herrschenden Meinung in der Strafrechtsdogmatik zu hinterfragen und es begrifflich zu klären. Im Ergebnis führt dies zur Aufgabe des individualistischen Freiheitsverständnisses und zur Einführung eines neuen Subjektverständnisses in die Strafrechtsdogmatik durch Begründung einer sozialen Tatherrschaftslehre

The Influence of Monetary Rewards on Performance and Attentional Effort Mobilization in a Visual Selective Attention Task

Intuitively, most people assume that offering monetary rewards is a good way to motivate others to increase their performance. In contrast to this assumption, however, in analyses that examine the effects of monetary rewards on behavior, mixed results turn up: Although rewards do indeed often increase performance, they also decrease performance just as often. The most common result, however, is that these rewards simply do not have any measurable effect at all. Newer theories attempt to explain these mixed findings by stating that a host of mediators influence the relations between rewards and effort on the one hand and effort and performance on the other hand. For the sake of comprehension, the most important of these mediators are named and their effects are described. Following this, a bunch of newer studies that deal with the interactions between motivation and cognition is summarized. All of these studies report a modulation of behavior by monetary rewards. However, one question that these studies do not answer is whether monetary rewards also increase performance, and if so, by which mechanism they do so. Furthermore, almost all of these studies use very high rewards. Given the previous discussion of the various mediators the question arises if smaller rewards are capable of producing similar results, given that the various mediators are adjusted adequately. In order to investigate these questions, 3 studies are conducted. Study I is to be regarded as a pilot study that serves to determine the optimal methodology for the examination of these issues. Study II confirms that even small rewards are capable of increasing performance, and that this increase in performance is moderated by an increase in the quality of the sensory coding of the stimuli. In Study III, the main focus is on two important mediators of the relations between rewards, effort, and performance, namely, the ordering of the response deadlines and the rewarded aspect of behavior. As it turns out, a descending deadline order produces the largest increase in performance. Regarding the rewarded dimension of behavior, it turns out that it is easier for people to control their response speed rather than their accuracy, and consequently, a larger increase in performance is to be expected if slowness is punished harder than committing errors

Monetary reward increases attentional effort in the flanker task

An important question is whether monetary reward can increase attentional effort in order to improve performance. Up to now, evidence for a positive answer is weak. Therefore, in the present study, the flanker task was used to examine this question further. Participants had to respond sooner than a certain deadline in a flanker task. One group of participants received a performance-contingent monetary reward, whereas the other group earned a fixed amount of money. As a result, monetary reward significantly improved performance in comparison with the control group. The analysis of speed accuracy trade-off functions revealed that monetary reward increased attentional effort, leading to an enhanced quality of stimulus coding. Little evidence was found that reward also improved selective spatial attention

The Effect of Element Spacing on Hemispheric Asymmetries for Global/ LocaI Processing

In several studies with hierarchical stimuli it has been shown that the left and the right hemispheres are specialized for the processing of local and global infonnation, respectively. However, although corresponding visual-field (VF) effects regularly show up for incongruent stimuli, they are often absent for congruent ones. In this study, it was investigated whether the spacing between the elements of the stimuli has any effect on this phenomenon. Therefore, in Experiment 1, stimuli with narrowly spaced elements were applied. As a result, VF-effects occurred independently of the congruency condition. For comparison, stimuli with wider element spacing were used in Experiment 2. Under these conditions, VF-effects occurred again, as expected, only for incongruent stimuli. These results show that element spacing can have an effect on VF-effects. The results are interpreted in the sense that narrowly spaced elements are perceived as texture, which always leads to an elaborate mental representation of the stimulus that differs between the hemispheres

Tralokinumab treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in daily practice

BACKGROUND: Evidence about tralokinumab treatment for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in daily practice is limited. AIM: To report the first evidence, to our knowledge, from daily practice of treatment with tralokinumab in patients with AD. METHODS: In this observational prospective study, patients with AD who received tralokinumab treatment in the context of routine care at the Erasmus Medical Centre were included between November 2021 and February 2022. This included 28 patients who had previously been treated with dupilumab, and 14 patients who had been treated with a Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi). The Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA; 0-4) and the numeric rating scale peak pruritus during the past 7 days (NRS itch 7d: 0-10), adverse events and reasons for discontinuation were analysed. A good clinical response was defined as any decrease in IGA and NRS itch 7d and if a patient was satisfied with the treatment and wished to continue with therapy. RESULTS: In total, 37 patients were treated with tralokinumab. Twenty-two (59%) patients showed a good response to tralokinumab treatment. Fifteen (41%) patients discontinued treatment because of inadequate AD control or adverse events. Treatment-related adverse events were mild in most patients. Half of the patients where treatment with dupilumab had failed had a good clinical response to tralokinumab. CONCLUSIONS: Tralokinumab was found to be effective in most patients in this cohort with difficult-to-treat, severe AD from daily practice. Interestingly, tralokinumab was also found to be effective in 50% of patients who had previously experienced insufficient response or adverse events with dupilumab treatment