487 research outputs found
Verification of parallel systems via decomposition
Recently, Milner and Moller have presented several decomposition results for processes. Inspired by these, we investigate decomposition techniques for the verification of parallel systems. In particular, we consider those of the form q j (I) where p i and q j are (finite) state systems. We provide a decomposition procedure for all p i and q j and give criteria that must be checked on the decomposed processes to see whether (I) does or does not hold. We analyse the complexity of our procedure and show that it is polynomial in n, m and the sizes of p i and q j if there is no communication. We also show that with communication the verification of (I) is co-NP hard, which makes it very unlikely that a polynomial complexity bound exists. But by applying our decomposition technique to Milner's cyclic scheduler we show that verification can become polynomial in space and time for practical examples, where standard techniques are exponential. Note: The authors are supported by the European Communities under ESPRIT Basic Research Action 3006 (CONCUR)
The Relationships between Socio-demographic Variables, Travel Motivations and Subsequent Choice of Vacation
Abstract This study explores the relationship between socio-demographic variables and travel motivation and further investigates how travel motivations influence the travelers' choice of vacation. The data were obtained using an internet-based questionnaire administered to a random sample of 256 respondents. Using factor analyses, six motivational factors, thematically similar to other studies on travel motivation, were identified. In contrast to previous research on travel motivations among travelers from other countries, this study identified 'social relationship with family/friends' as the most important motivational factor for Danish travelers. The results show that travel motivations differ across various socio-demographic variables and that travel motivations are related to the travelers' choice of vacation. The article closes with a discussion of the implications of these findings and suggestions for future research
Analysis of Sharing Economy Services : Initial Findings from Sharing Cities Sweden
In this paper, we analyze different types of sharing economy services. The sharing economy is a wide concept where many types of activities and services can be included. Overall we aim to identify recurrent patterns but also similarities and differences between different types of sharing services. We discuss a multitude of different services, e.g. car pools, bike pools, sharing of tools and equipment, sharing of land for farming, sharing of parking and homes, and co-working spaces. It is a mix of different set ups regarding if it is commercial or community driven, type of service provider, usage fee or for free, open or closed access
Eosinophils in the bronchial mucosa in relation to methacholine dose-response curves in atopic asthma
Asthma is characterized by both local infiltration of eosinophils in the
bronchial mucosa and bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR). A detailed
characterization of BHR implies analysis of a histamine or methacholine
dose-response curve yielding not only the dose at 20% fall of baseline
forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), but also a plateau (P)
representing the maximal narrowing response in terms of percent change in
FEV1 and reactivity as the steepest slope at 50% of P (%FEV1/doubling
dose). In the baseline condition, the specific airway conductance (sGaw)
may be considered closely related to airway lumen diameter. In 20
nonsmoking asthmatic patients, methacholine dose-response curves were
obtained, and a sigmoid model fit yielded the BHR indexes.
Immunohistochemistry with the monoclonal antibodies (EG1 and EG2) was used
to recognize the total number of eosinophils and activated eosinophils,
respectively. The number of activated eosinophils was significantly
correlated to both P (r = 0.62; P < 0.05) and sGaw (r = -0.52; P < 0.05),
whereas weaker and nonsignificant correlations were found for dose at 20%
fall of baseline FEV1 and the total number of eosinophils. We conclude
that the number of activated eosinophils can be considered a marker of the
inflammation-induced decrease of airway lumen diameter as represented by
the plateau index and sGaw
Real-time affect detection in virtual reality: a technique based on a three-dimensional model of affect and EEG signals
This manuscript explores the development of a technique for detecting the affective states of Virtual Reality (VR) users in real-time. The technique was tested with data from an experiment where 18 participants observed 16 videos with emotional content inside a VR home theater, while their electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded. Participants evaluated their affective response toward the videos in terms of a three-dimensional model of affect. Two variants of the technique were analyzed. The difference between both variants was the method used for feature selection. In the first variant, features extracted from the EEG signals were selected using Linear Mixed-Effects (LME) models. In the second variant, features were selected using Recursive Feature Elimination with Cross Validation (RFECV). Random forest was used in both variants to build the classification models. Accuracy, precision, recall and F1 scores were obtained by cross-validation. An ANOVA was conducted to compare the accuracy of the models built in each variant. The results indicate that the feature selection method does not have a significant effect on the accuracy of the classification models. Therefore, both variations (LME and RFECV) seem equally reliable for detecting affective states of VR users. The mean accuracy of the classification models was between 87% and 93%
Comparison of pharmacodynamics of azithromycin and erythromycin in vitro and in vivo
In this study, we determined the efficacy of various dosing regimens for
erythromycin and azithromycin against four pneumococci with different
susceptibilities to penicillin in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model and in
a mouse peritonitis model. The MIC was 0.03 microg/ml, and the 50%
effective doses (determined after one dose) of both drugs were comparable
for the four pneumococcal strains and were in the range of 1.83 to 6.22
mg/kg. Dosing experiments with mice, using regimens for azithromycin of
one to eight doses/6 h, showed the one-dose regimen to give the best
result; of the pharmacodynamic parameters tested (the maximum drug
concentration in serum [Cmax], the times that the drug concentration in
serum remained above the MIC and above the concentration required for
maximum killing, and the area under the concentration time curve), Cmax
was the best predictor of outcome. The bacterial counts in mouse blood or
peritoneal fluid during the first 24 h after challenge were not correlated
to survival of the mice. The serum concentration profiles obtained with
mice for the different dosing regimens were simulated in the in vitro
pharmacokinetic model. Here as well, the one-dose regimen of azithromycin
showed the best result. However, the killing curves in vivo in mouse blood
and peritoneal fluid and in the vitro pharmacokinetic model were not
similar. The in vitro killing curves showed a decrease of 2 log10 within 2
and 3 h for azithromycin and erythromycin, respectively whereas the in
vivo killing curves showed a bacteriostatic effect for both drugs. It is
concluded that the results in terms of predictive pharmacodynamic
parameters are comparable for the in vitro and in vivo models and that
high initial concentrations of azithromycin favor a good outcome
Continuous record of Holocene sea-level changes and coastal development of the Kattegat island Laeso (4900 years BP to present)
Eosinophils in the bronchial mucosa in relation to methacholine dose-response curves in atopic asthma
Edaravone leads to proteome changes indicative of neuronal cell protection in response to oxidative stress
Neuronal cell death, in neurodegenerative disorders, is mediated through a spectrum of biological processes. Excessive amounts of free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), has detrimental effects on neurons leading to cell damage via peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane. Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) has been used for neurological recovery in several countries, including Japan and China, and it has been suggested that Edaravone may have cytoprotective effects in neurodegeneration. Edaravone protects nerve cells in the brain by reducing ROS and inhibiting apoptosis. To gain further insight into the cytoprotective effects of Edaravone against oxidative stress condition we have performed comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE)-based proteomic analyses on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to oxidative stress and in combination with Edaravone. We showed that Edaravone can reverse the cytotoxic effects of H2O2 through its specific mechanism. We observed that oxidative stress changes metabolic pathways and cytoslceletal integrity. Edaravone seems to reverse the H2O2-mediated effects at both the cellular and protein level via induction of Peroxiredoxin-2. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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