Odepření výhod a článek 17 Dohody o Energetické Chartě

Cílem této diplomové práce je rozbor procesních požadavků DOB doložek v mezinárodních smlouvách o ochraně investic. Analýza se zaměřuje na specifický případ článku 17 Dohody o Energetické Chartě. Součástí této analýzy je rovněž zodpovězení dvou výzkumných otázek: 1) Které rysy článku 17 Dohody o Energetické chartě způsobují, že funguje jinak než ostatní DOB doložky? 2) Pokud vezmeme v úvahu dosavadní rozhodčí nálezy vztahující se k této otázce, lze vůbec článek 17 Dohody o Energetické Chartě úspěšně uplatnit? Tato práce je rozdělena do pěti kapitol. První kapitola představuje téma DOB doložek jednak obecně a dále se věnuje i specifickému případu článku 17 Dohody o Energetické Chartě. Druhá kapitola je teoretická a věnuje se tématu DOB doložek komplexně. Začíná definicí a významem doložky a poté uvádí příklady různých doktrinálních přístupů. Dále tato kapitola mapuje historii, současnost a budoucnost DOB doložek. Třetí kapitola se zaměřuje již výhradně na specifický případ DOB doložky, článek 17 Dohody o Energetické Chartě. Stejně jako v předchozí kapitole jsou rozebrány případy a rozhodnutí rozhodčích tribunálů, které se dotýkají právě dané problematiky. Čtvrtá kapitola nazvaná "Government's Guide to DOB", poskytuje pohled na problematiku z pohledu státu, který hodlá využít svého práva z DOB...The so called "Denial of Benefits" clause (DOB) gives the respondent state an opportunity to exclude third parties to the investment protection treaties from enjoying the benefits of the treaty without assuming reciprocal obligations. No less than seventy-three investor-state disputes have been brought to arbitration under the ECT since its entry into force back in 1998. The DOB clause in ECT, Art. 17 has never been successfully invoked. States have tried to exercise their right in at least ten cases without success. This paper poses two research questions. First, what are the distinguishing features of Art. 17 of the ECT that make it function differently from other DOB clauses? Second, given the arbitral decisions, can the Art. 17 of the ECT be effectively invoked by respondent states? The paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter introduces the topic of DOB clauses and the purpose of this paper. The second chapter is theoretical and addresses the topic of DOB clauses in general and further outlines their past, present and future. The third chapter focuses specifically on the Art. 17 of the ECT it examines the ECT arbitral awards and decisions that touched upon the clause. Chapter four aims to show the procedural issues of DOB clauses from the perspective of respondent states, it...Department of Public International LawKatedra mezinárodního právaPrávnická fakultaFaculty of La

Concept of the Alliance: US-Japanese Security Cooperation

This thesis examines the U.S.-Japan security alliance. The strategic and security environment of the Northeast Asia region is currently undergoing a rapid change. The strong position of the United States in this region is challenged by China, whose ongoing territorial disputes with Japan may test the resilience of the U.S.-Japan alliance. Although the U.S.-Japan partnership is commonly denominated as an alliance (U.S.-Japan Alliance, Pacific Alliance), it might not fulfil all the basic attributes of the concept of military alliance. This thesis analyses the U.S.-Japan alliance in terms of the concept of military alliance and its essential elements. The concept of alliance as understood by this paper is defined in the first chapter. The second chapter applies this concept to the nature of the U.S.-Japan alliance and subsequently discusses to what degree each of the parties of the alliance meets the requirements of the essential elements of the concept. By investigating how the reality of the U.S.-Japan alliance corresponds with the concept of military alliance, this thesis offers the basis for further research of the U.S.-Japan military cooperation

Denial of Benefits and Article 17 of the Energy Charter Treaty

The so called "Denial of Benefits" clause (DOB) gives the respondent state an opportunity to exclude third parties to the investment protection treaties from enjoying the benefits of the treaty without assuming reciprocal obligations. No less than seventy-three investor-state disputes have been brought to arbitration under the ECT since its entry into force back in 1998. The DOB clause in ECT, Art. 17 has never been successfully invoked. States have tried to exercise their right in at least ten cases without success. This paper poses two research questions. First, what are the distinguishing features of Art. 17 of the ECT that make it function differently from other DOB clauses? Second, given the arbitral decisions, can the Art. 17 of the ECT be effectively invoked by respondent states? The paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter introduces the topic of DOB clauses and the purpose of this paper. The second chapter is theoretical and addresses the topic of DOB clauses in general and further outlines their past, present and future. The third chapter focuses specifically on the Art. 17 of the ECT it examines the ECT arbitral awards and decisions that touched upon the clause. Chapter four aims to show the procedural issues of DOB clauses from the perspective of respondent states, it..

Anesthesiological diffíeulties arising in the surgical treatment of chronic pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension is a serious syndrome with very unfavorable prognosis. It encompasses numerous diseases and the only one which is surgical ly treatable is chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is a curative method for select patients with surgically accessible thrombotic obstruction. It involves not only the operation itself, but also complicated diagnostics, preoperative preparation, and sophisticated postoperative intensive care. According to contemporary world reviews of professional literatuře, mortality rates following PEA, range from 5 to 24 percent. Better results with lower levels of mortality as well as morbidity are unambiguously proven in the centers with more experience where the highest numbers of such surgeries are undertaken. Good team work is an essential condition for a successíul PEA program and the anaesthetist is its indispensable member. Anaesthesia of patients with chronic right ventricle dysfunction undergoing cardiac surgery using extracorporeal circulation brings about several diffíeulties and we tried to deal with them in our work. This kind of operation was not available in the Czech Republic and the íirst goal of our work was to implement this surgical program in its complexity - including anaesthesia and intensive postoperative..

Successful Use of Extra-corporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Patient with Streptococcal Sepsis: A Case Report and Review of Literature

A young patient with streptococcal sepsis due to the phlegmon of his left thigh was admitted to the general intensive care unit. He developed a multi-organ failure and septic cardiomyopathy with subsequent cardiogenic shock. This resulted in hemodynamic instability unresponsive to conservative medical treatment. We report a successful application of veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation, which was used to overcome the period of critically low cardiac output caused by severe septic myocardial dysfunction

Catastrophic Left Ventricular Thrombosis Complicating Extra-corporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Case Report

A massive left ventricular thrombosis represents a rare however, catastrophic complication of a central veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation. We report a case of such complication in a patient with severe left ventricular dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Its management and preventive measures are described and discussed

Prediction of Fluid Responsiveness Using Combined End-Expiratory and End-Inspiratory Occlusion Tests in Cardiac Surgical Patients

End-expiratory occlusion (EEO) and end-inspiratory occlusion (EIO) tests have been successfully used to predict fluid responsiveness in various settings using calibrated pulse contour analysis and echocardiography. The aim of this study was to test if respiratory occlusion tests predicted fluid responsiveness reliably in cardiac surgical patients with protective ventilation. This single-centre, prospective study, included 57 ventilated patients after elective coronary artery bypass grafting who were indicated for fluid expansion. Baseline echocardiographic measurements were obtained and patients with significant cardiac pathology were excluded. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume and stroke volume variation were recorded using uncalibrated pulse contour analysis at baseline, after performing EEO and EIO tests and after volume expansion (7 mL/kg of succinylated gelatin). Fluid responsiveness was defined as an increase in cardiac index by 15%. Neither EEO, EIO nor their combination predicted fluid responsiveness reliably in our study. After a combined EEO and EIO, a cut-off point for CI change of 16.7% predicted fluid responsiveness with a sensitivity of 61.8%, specificity of 69.6% and ROC AUC of 0.593. In elective cardiac surgical patients with protective ventilation, respiratory occlusion tests failed to predict fluid responsiveness using uncalibrated pulse contour analysis

Correction: Jansa et al. Hospitalisation Is Prognostic of Survival in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension. <i>J. Clin. Med.</i> 2022, <i>11</i>, 6189

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Hospitalisation Is Prognostic of Survival in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

This analysis investigated the prognostic value of hospitalisation in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) using data from the Czech Republic, wherein pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) was the only targeted treatment option until 2015. Using a landmark method, this analysis quantified the association between a first CTEPH-related hospitalisation event occurring before 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month landmark timepoints and subsequent all-cause mortality in adult CTEPH patients diagnosed between 2003 and 2016 in the Czech Republic. Patients were stratified into operable and inoperable, according to PEA eligibility. CTEPH-related hospitalisations were defined as non-elective. Hospitalisations related to CTEPH diagnosis, PEA, balloon pulmonary angioplasty, or clinical trial participation were excluded. Of 436 patients who survived to &ge;3 months post diagnosis, 309 were operable, and 127 were inoperable. Sex- and age-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) showed CTEPH-related hospitalisation was a statistically significant prognostic indicator of mortality at 3, 9, and 12 months in inoperable patients, with an approximately 2-fold increased risk of death in the hospitalisation group (HRs [95% CI] ranging from 1.98 [1.06&ndash;3.70] to 2.17 [1.01&ndash;4.63]). There was also a trend of worse survival probabilities in the hospitalisation groups for operable patients, with the difference most pronounced at 3 months, with a 76% increased risk of death (adjusted HR [95% CI] 1.76 [1.15&ndash;2.68]). This first analysis on the prognostic value of CTEPH-related hospitalisations demonstrates that a first CTEPH-related hospitalisation is prognostic of mortality in CTEPH, particularly for inoperable patients. These patients may benefit from medical and/or interventional therapy