Penggunaan Media Gambar Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Siswa Kelas I SDN Uwedaka Kecamatan Pagimana Kabupaten Banggai

Pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah rendahnya tingkat kemampuan membaca permulaan siswa kelas I SDN Uwedaka dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Tujuan Penelitian adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan membaca permulaan siswa kelas I SDN Uwedaka Kecamatan Pagimana Kabupaten Banggai. Berdasarkan hasil observasi yang didapatkan masih terdapat beberapa siswa yang sama sekali belum bisa membaca. Pembelajaran membaca permulaan di SDN Uwedaka selama ini hanya menggunakan media pembelajaran yang konvensional yaitu dengan menggunakan papan tulis, pembelajaran yang hanya berpusat pada guru, penggunaan media dalam pembelajaran sebagai alat bantu masih sangat terbatas, hal ini menyebabkan kemampuan membaca permulaan yang masih rendah dan terlihat hampir 65% siswa masih mengalami kesulitan membaca dalam proses belajar mengajar. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data kualitatif didapatkan dari hasil tes dan observasi siswa dan guru. data kuantitatif didapatkan dari hasil tes belajar. Desain penelitian ini mengacu pada desain oleh Kemmis dan Mc Taggart yang terdiri dari empat tahapan, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Data dikumpulkan melalui penilaian proses dan penilaian hasil setiap akhir tindakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Pada siklus I diperoleh nilai rata-rata siswa yaitu sebesar 67 dengan ketuntasan belajar klasikal sebesar 40% serta daya serap 66,6%. Pada siklus II, nilai rata-rata meningkat menjadi 83 dengan ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 100% serta daya serap klasikal sebesar 83,3%. Bersarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan media gambar dapat meningkatkan kemampuan membaca permulaan terhadap siswa kelas I SDN Uwedaka Kecamatan Pagimana Kabupaten Banggai

Simultaneous Hypoxia and Low Extracellular pH Suppress Overall Metabolic Rate and Protein Synthesis In Vitro

<div><p>Background</p><p>The tumor microenvironment is characterized by regions of hypoxia and acidosis which are linked to poor prognosis. This occurs due to an aberrant vasculature as well as high rates of glycolysis and lactate production in tumor cells even in the presence of oxygen (the Warburg effect), which weakens the spatial linkage between hypoxia and acidosis.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Five different human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (SiHa, FaDu_DD, UTSCC5, UTSCC14 and UTSCC15) were treated with hypoxia, acidosis (pH 6.3), or a combination, and gene expression analyzed using microarray. SiHa and FaDu_DD were chosen for further characterization of cell energetics and protein synthesis. Total cellular ATP turnover and relative glycolytic dependency was determined by simultaneous measurements of oxygen consumption and lactate synthesis rates and total protein synthesis was determined by autoradiographic quantification of the incorporation of ³⁵S-labelled methionine and cysteine into protein.</p><p>Results</p><p>Microarray analysis allowed differentiation between genes induced at low oxygen only at normal extracellular pH (pH_e), genes induced at low oxygen at both normal and low pH_e, and genes induced at low pH_e independent of oxygen concentration. Several genes were found to be upregulated by acidosis independent of oxygenation. Acidosis resulted in a more wide-scale change in gene expression profiles than hypoxia including upregulation of genes involved in the translation process, for example Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A, isoform 2 (EIF4A2), and Ribosomal protein L37 (RPL37). Acidosis suppressed overall ATP turnover and protein synthesis by 50%. Protein synthesis, but not total ATP production, was also suppressed under hypoxic conditions. A dramatic decrease in ATP turnover (SiHa) and protein synthesis (both cell lines) was observed when hypoxia and low pH_e were combined.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>We demonstrate here that the influence of hypoxia and acidosis causes different responses, both in gene expression and in de novo protein synthesis, depending on whether the two factors induced alone or overlapping, and as such it is important for in vivo studies to take this into account.</p></div

pH induction of identified genes.

<p>Relative levels of EIF4A2, JOSD3 and RPL37 mRNA measured by qPCR in SiHa, FaDu_DD, UTSCC5 and UTSCC33 cells under different conditions. Levels are normalized to the control samples (pH 7.5, atmospheric oxygen level). Results are mean of three independent experiments (+/-SEM). (^) indicates p values <0.05 compared to the control level. (*) indicates p values which are significant different from the control levels, when correction for multiple comparisons is applied.</p

Energy metabolism following acidosis.

<p>The cellular ATP budget was calculated from OCR and LPR as detailed in Methods and Materials. The total bar height represents total ATP production, which consists of the sum of ATP generated from OXPHOS (dark gray) and ATP generated from glycolysis (light gray). The data is the mean values from three to four independent experiments (+/- SEM). (*) indicates p values <0.05 between the indicated treatments.</p

pH induced genes across cell lines.

<p>Expression (microarray data) of genes found to be more than 2 fold upregulated under low pH independent of hypoxia in 4 out of 5 cell lines (SiHa, FaDu_DD, UTSCC5, UTSCC14 and UTSCC15). Data displayed is log transformed and median centered.</p

Number of upregulated genes in individual cell lines and top five of GO Biological Processes for each gene set.

<p>Number of upregulated genes in individual cell lines and top five of GO Biological Processes for each gene set.</p

Pulse-labelling assay.

<p>To determine whether the cells modified their levels of protein synthesis, ³⁵S-labelled methionine and cysteine was added during treatment, and de novo protein levels were determined by autoradiography. The gels shown in A (FaDu) and B (SiHa) are representative gels with equal amounts of total protein loaded (two lanes are loaded with each sample). βactin levels was measured on similar gels. C: Mean values from three independent experiments for SiHa and FaDu_DD cells (+/-SEM). (*) indicates p values <0.05 compared to the control level.</p

Impact of age, intrinsic subtype and local treatment on long-term local-regional recurrence and breast cancer mortality among low-risk breast cancer patients

<p><b>Aim:</b> To evaluate the long-term prognostic impact of age, local treatment and intrinsic subtypes on the risk of local-regional recurrence (LRR) and breast cancer mortality among low-risk patients.</p> <p><b>Material and methods:</b> Cohort study with prospectively collected data, balanced five-year age groups, including 514 Danish lymph node negative breast cancer patients diagnosed between 1989 and 1998, treated with mastectomy (N = 320) or breast-conserving therapy (BCT) (N = 194) and without systemic treatment. Intrinsic subtype approximation was performed by combining information on estrogen-, progesterone-, HER2 receptor and Ki67.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> The majority of the tumors had a luminal subtype: 70% Luminal-A (LumA), 16% Luminal-B (LumB), and 10% Luminal-HER2 + (Lum-HER2+). The distribution of intrinsic subtypes between younger (≤45 years) and older (>45 years) patients was similar. Intrinsic subtypes had no prognostic impact on the 20-year LRR risk, regardless of age. A distinct 20-year mortality pattern was observed among the younger patients: 11% of patients with LumB tumor died of breast cancer within the first five years after primary surgery, 23% of patients with Lum-HER2+ tumor died within a 5–10-year period, whereas patients with LumA tumor died with a constant low rate throughout the 20-year period. After 20 years of follow-up, patients with LumA tumor had breast cancer mortality comparable to that of patients with LumB tumor (20%) and lower than Lum-HER2+ tumor (39%). Among the older patients, no distinct mortality pattern was observed, and the 20-year breast cancer mortality was not associated with intrinsic subtypes.</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> Among low-risk patients, 96% of the tumors were Luminal and the distribution of intrinsic subtypes between younger (≤45 years) and older (>45 years) patients was similar. The observed higher frequency of LRR among younger low-risk BCT patients was not associated intrinsic subtype. The 20-year breast cancer mortality was non-significant for LumA tumors among the older patients, whereas among the younger patients, LumA tumors had a comparable mortality with LumB, but lower than for Lum-HER2 + tumors.</p

Uni- and multivariate analyses.

<p>Uni- and multivariate analyses.</p

Kaplan-Meier estimates of (A) overall survival and (B) disease-specific survival of the combined prediction score of cisplatin, epirubicine, capecitabine for patients who had undergone surgical resection.

<p>Prediction scores are dichotomized by the median score.</p