FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CELECOXIB CREAM AND ITS RELEASED STUDY

Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate and evaluate of Celecoxib cream and it’s in vitro release study. Methods: The release study was conducted, using dialysis cellulose membrane, in Franz cells. The donor chamber was filled with phosphate buffer pH 7.4, released medium were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 250 nm. Kinetics model was used for calculations. The cream was followed by different evaluations like pH measurement, homogeneity, spreadability, stability study, drug content, SEM, XRD studies and skin irritation test was used for the reliability of physical conditions and chemical relation. DD solver and SPSS were used for statistical analyzation of the data. Results: The best in vitro drug release profile achieved with thyme oil in Celecoxib cream. Formulation F2 showed the highest (83%) released. The results of the Celecoxib (1%) were suitable in all constraints. The prepared Celecoxib cream was encouraging for the formulation of transdermal drug delivery. Conclusion: The Celecoxib cream was successfully prepared and could be beneficial for transdermal drug delivery

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MEFENAMIC ACID OINTMENT USING PENETRATION ENHANCERS

Objective: The aim of study was to formulate and evaluate Mefenamic acid ointment by the addition of penetration enhancer’s clove oil. Methods: 1%, 2% and 3% formulations of Mefenamic acid ointment formulated as per B. P, by melting hard paraffin 4.75g at 60 °C initially and to this 4.75 g wool fatwas incorporated, followed by addition of soft paraffin 80.75g and then adding Cetostearyl alcohol 4.75g and 1,2 and 3 ml clove oil by continuous stirring later on ointment being cooled at room temperature. These formulations were checked for consistency, Spreadability, homogeneity, PH, viscosity, skin irritation, drug content, UV absorbance, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and XRD (X. ray diffraction) studies. In vitro pattern via using Franz cells besides with the use of dialysis cellulose membrane was done. Results: All the synthesized formulations illustrated fine physicochemical characteristics. SEM and XRD Studies expressed that there were no physicochemical incompatibilities among active ingredient (Mefenamic acid salt) and additives combined as drug permeation enhancers (clove oil).3% formulation showed maximum released 65.199%. Conclusion: In the present study, it was noted that clove oil can enhance the permeation of Mefenamic acid topical ointment

FORMULATION OF MICROEMULSION BASED GEL OF SALBUTAMOL SULPHATE AND IT’S IN VITRO STUDIES

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a microemulsion based gel system considering transdermal delivery of Salbutamol with a purpose to increase the solubility and membrane drug deliverance. Methods: Oleic acid was favored for oil phase owing to the proficiency of solubility in this study. Despite surfactant and co-surfactant was determined by virtue of their solubilizing strength wherewith they developed MEs. Accomplishing Franz diffusion cells equipped with cellulose membrane for in vitro study. The Polymer carbopol 934 were used for based gel preparation to enhance the viscosity of microemulsion for transdermal utilization. The advanced micro emulsion-based gel, which was assessed for pH, centrifugation, spreadability conductivity, drug content, viscosity, SEM, XRD and stability studies. Results: The process of drug escape from microemulsion gel-based was noticed to pursue Korsmeyer-peppas model kinetics. The designed, microemulsion gel-based displayed acceptable stability layer than 3 mo. Drug release microemulsion within 24 h was observed 74%. Conclusion: The results illustrate that deliberated effort to establish microemulsion based gel (F3) was likely to produce sustained action of drug release (78.3%) and be permitted auspicious vehicle for transdermal distribution of Salbutamol

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GLIBENCLAMIDE GEL FOR TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY

Objective: The purpose of the recent study was to formulate glibenclamide gels for transdermal drug release, and to evaluate the oleic acid effect on the release of the preparations. Methods: Oleic acid was used at a range of concentrations in the gel formulations and its effects observed in Glibenclamide gel using In vitro release of drug was done in Franz diffusion cells, whereas pH 7.4 Phosphate buffer was used for release studies. Formulations were characterized by clarity, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadabilty, skin irritation, drug content, stability studies. Scanning calroimetry analysis (SCA) and XRD studies were performed to assess the physical and chemical interactions. Results: Release profiles in vitro were observed. The released quantity of drug recovered from the glibenclamide gel after the addition of 1% oleic acid, increased with increasing concentration of the enhancer that is oleic acid. Whereas drug quantity recovered in the receptor solvent was 69.999% of Glibenclamide gel having 3% oleic acid. All the formulation were physicochemically stable. The data was statistically analyzed by using SPSS and DD solver. Conclusion: The drug is released and the oleic acid does enhance the release of the drug with the increase in its concentration

Excursion guide: post-conference excursion: geomorphological hazards, land degradation and resilience in the North Ethiopian highlands

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FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF PSEUDOEPHEDRINE HCL

Objective: This study was conducted to design a transdermal dosage form of pseudoephedrine HCL and to evaluate its release under controlled rates for sustained transdermal delivery of Pseudoephedrine. Methods: Transdermal patches were prepared by the casting evaporation method. Utilizing eudragit RL100. Patches were characterized by physical appearance, moisture content, thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, tensile strength and stability studies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry analysis (SCA) and XRD studies. Four different permeation enhancer (Tween 20, thymus oil, castor oil and eucalyptus oil) was employed. In vitro release of drugs was done in the dissolution paddle apparatus. Release studies were performed in distilled water at 37 °C. Scanning electron microscope studies were performed before and after the drug. Results: Transdermal patches with enhancers were formulated successfully with a concentration of 1% (W/V). The patches indicated stable physicochemical characteristics. FTIR, SCA and XRD Studies showed that there were no physical and chemical interactions between excipients and drugs. Results of in vitro permeation studies showed that enhancers used in this study increased drug released. The enhancers showed faster released than no enhancer. This arrangement can be shown as Tween>Eucalyptus oil>Thymus oil and castor oil. Formulation F2 is optimized among all formulations showed an 83.3% release. Conclusion: Transdermal patches of pseudoephedrine were successfully developed by using pseudo epinephrine HCL. These patches proved to be very useful for therapeutic purposes in the pharmaceutical industry without making the patients unconscious, unlike the trivial methods of treatment

Assessing the Impact of the Urban Landscape on Extreme Rainfall Characteristics Triggering Flood Hazards

This study configures the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with the updated urban fraction for optimal rainfall simulation over Kampala, Uganda. The urban parameter values associated with urban fractions are adjusted based on literature reviews. An extreme rainfall event that triggered a flood hazard in Kampala on 25 June 2012 is used for the model simulation. Observed rainfall from two gauging stations and satellite rainfall from Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) are used for model validation. We compared the simulation using the default urban fraction with the updated urban fraction focusing on extreme rainfall amount and spatial-temporal rainfall distribution. Results indicate that the simulated rainfall is overestimated compared to CHIRPS and underestimated when comparing gridcell values with gauging station records. However, the simulation with updated urban fraction shows relatively better results with a lower absolute relative error score than when using default simulation. Our findings indicated that the WRF model configuration with default urban fraction produces rainfall amount and its spatial distribution outside the city boundary. In contrast, the updated urban fraction has peak rainfall events within the urban catchment boundary, indicating that a proper Numerical Weather Prediction rainfall simulation must consider the urban morphological impact. The satellite-derived urban fraction represents a more realistic urban extent and intensity than the default urban fraction and, thus, produces more realistic rainfall characteristics over the city. The use of explicit urban fractions will be crucial for assessing the effects of spatial differences in the urban morphology within an urban fraction, which is vital for understanding the role of urban green areas on the local climate.</p

A study on management of tennis elbow by local platelet rich plasma injection

Background: Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow), a familiar term used to describe myriad symptoms around the lateral aspect of the elbow can occur during activities that require repetitive supination and pronation of the forearm with the elbow in near full extension. This condition can cause severe discomfort to the patient resulting in debilitation and impairment of routine activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of local autologous platelet rich plasma injection in the treatment of tennis elbow.Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted on 50 patients of either sex with an average age of 45.92 years, presenting to the Orthopaedic OPD of SHKM Government Medical College Hospital, Nalhar, NUH, Haryana between November 2016 and February 2018, with a diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis. All the patients were treated with local platelet rich plasma injection and the results were analysed through the assessment of visual analog score (VAS) and disability of arm shoulder and hand (DASH) score. The patients were followed up for a period of 6 months after the local injection of platelet rich plasma.Results: Majority of the patients had significant relief with this method. The VAS and DASH score improved from the pre-treatment values of 8.7 and 74.6 to 2.6 and 29.8 respectively, which was found to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.001).Conclusions: Thus results of our study demonstrate that the local injection of platelet rich plasma is a safe and effective method of treatment of lateral epicondylitis

A study on management of paediatric supracondylar humerus fractures with lateral percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation

Background: Supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children is a common injury encountered in orthopaedic practice. Undisplaced fractures can be managed conservatively, however displaced fractures need proper reduction and adequate fixation for attainment of optimal functional and cosmetic outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lateral percutaneous Kirschner (K) wire fixation in the management of displaced supracondylar fractures in relation to achievement of union and functional results.Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted on 70 patients of either sex with an average age of 5.98 years, presenting to the Orthopaedic Department of S.H.K.M. Government Medical College Hospital, Nalhar, Nuh, Haryana between February 2016 and February 2018, with displaced supracondylar fractures of humerus. All the patients were managed by closed reduction and percutaneous lateral K wire fixation. The patients were followed up for a period of 1 year. The patients were analyzed for union and functional results.Results: All the fractures united with an average time of union of 3.8 weeks. Functional results were assessed using Flynn’s criteria, which were excellent in 58 (82.86%), good in 7 (10%), fair in 3 (4.28%) and poor in 2 (2.86%) patients.Conclusions: Thus results of our study demonstrate that the lateral percutaneous K wire fixation is a safe and effective method of treatment of displaced paediatric supracondylar humerus fractures

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF METFORMIN HCL RELEASE FROM TOPICAL PREPARATION USING TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEMBRANE

Objective: Present study was carried to formulate and evaluate the transdermal ointment containing the metformin HCl active ingredient and to assess their Physicochemical studies. Methods: Metformin HCl ointment was prepared with various thymol oil concentrations. Ointments were assessed with different characterizations; Physical appearance, viscosity, pH, drug content, Consistency, homogeneity, consistency. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis, XRD studies. It was used in vitro via using Franz cells along with the use of two membranes i.e. Nylon and cellulose membrane. Results: SEM and XRD studies showed that there were no physical and chemical interactions between excipients and drug. All the formulations showed good physicochemical characteristics. The formulation showed different releases. It was observed that nylon had better release properties as compared to cellulose. Conclusion: In the study conducted here, it was observed that Nylon membrane showed better discriminating power to compare among the formulation. This indicates that it has gotten prime importance to watch the effect of the membrane upon the release pattern of the various formulations. In order to improve the formulation, we can use in vitro diffusion cell experiments of transdermal drug delivery