Similarities and Differences of the 1911 Revolutions in Mongolia and China

Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.1 1994: 64-6

Flora of the Gurvan Saykhan Mountains

Although two major books have been published on the Mongolian flora regional data are often still lacking due to the vast expanses of the country. Therefore we used published information and data from our own fieldwork to compile a relatively comprehensive inventory of the flora of the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan mountains in southern Mongolia

Intermediate disturbance on rangelands : Management applicability of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis across Mongolian rangeland ecosystems

The current growing body of evidence for diversity-disturbance relationships suggests that the peaked pattern predicted by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) may not be the rule. Even if ecologists could quantify the diversity-disturbance relationship consistent with the IDH, the applicability of the IDH to land management has rarely been addressed. We examined two hypotheses related to the generality and management applicability of the IDH to Mongolian rangeland ecosystems: that the diversity-disturbance relationship varies as a function of landscape condition and that some intermediate scales of grazing can play an important role in terms of sustainable rangeland management through a grazing gradient approach. We quantified the landscape condition of each ecological site using an ordination technique and determined two types of landscape conditions, relatively benign and harsh environmental conditions. At the ecological sites characterized by relatively benign environmental conditions, diversity-disturbance relationships were generally consistent with the IDH and maximum diversity was observed at some intermediate distance from the source of the grazing gradient. In contrast, the IDH was not supported at most but not all sites characterized by relatively harsh environmental conditions. The intermediate levels of grazing were generally located below the ecological threshold representing the points or zones at which disturbance should be limited to prevent drastic changes in ecological conditions, suggesting that there is little “conundrum” with regard to intermediate disturbance in the studied systems in terms of land management. We suggest that the landscape condition is one of the primary factors that cause inconsistencies in diversity-disturbance relationships. The ecological threshold can extend its utility in rangeland management because it also has the compatibility with the maintenance of species diversity. This study thus suggests that some intermediate scales of grazing and ecological thresholds are mutually supportive tools for sustainable management of Mongolian rangelands

A study on the auto ignition characteristics of DME-LPG dual fuel in HCCI engine

Paper presented to the 10th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Florida, 14-16 July 2014.This study was investigated to examine the potential increase of engine power through the mixture of di-methyl ether (DME) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) on homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. The effects of mixing ratio of DME/LPG in constant intake temperature were confirmed experimentally in a single cylinder diesel engine. A numerical analysis were conducted through the mixing model of DME and n-Butane for the detailed chemical kinetics using CHEMKIN-PRO to clarify the autoignition mechanism of constant combustion phasing. The results show that the increased amount of LPG reduces the low temperature heat release (LTHR) and activates the high temperature heat release (HTHR) which increases the in-cylinder pressure. Therefore, it has potential to raise the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) by appropriately changing the mixing ratio. Also, thermal efficiency was increased to 51.2% at the mixing ratio of 0.6. Finally, engine out emissions including total hydrocarbon (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) were decreased by the change of mixing ratio. Numerical results agreed with experiment that the weakened low temperature oxidation by the increase of n-Butane amount.dc201

Flora of the Gurvan Saykhan Mountains

Although two major books have been published on the Mongolian flora regional data are often still lacking due to the vast expanses of the country. Therefore we used published information and data from our own fieldwork to compile a relatively comprehensive inventory of the flora of the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan mountains in southern Mongolia

The Linkage Between Pastoralists\u27 Perspectives and Vegetation Threshold Changes in Mongolian Rangelands (Advanced Studies on Sustainable Animal Production: Interrelationships among Human, Animal and Environment, 8th International Symposium of Integrated Field Science)

Poster Sessio

Resource Variations across the Landscape Mediate the Impact of Grazing on Vegetation in Mongolian Rangeland under High Climatic Variability

Assessment of grazing-induced degradation of arid and semi-arid rangelands with stochastic rainfall regimes is challenging. For the last two decades, rangeland ecologists have been discussing the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors in controlling vegetation dynamics. According to the non-equilibrium concept, which emerged as a new paradigm to describe ecosystems in highly variable and poorly predictable environments, vegetation dynamics are driven primarily by abiotic factors such as rainfall, rather than by internal biotic regulation (e.g. grazing impact). Although a number of studies have emphasized the non-equilibrium nature of most rangelands, they have produced inconsistent results and there is still no consensus on the relative importance of grazing impact. Alternatively, recent studies have suggested that a continuum of systems exists, rather than a stark dichotomy between equilibrium and non-equilibrium rangelands. Moreover, theoretical studies have predicted that, in addition to climatic variability, resource variations occurring in space and time as a result of landscape heterogeneity should be taken into account in assessments of grazing impact. However, there have been few empirical studies of the role of resource variations in either mitigating or enhancing the impacts of grazing on vegetation. This study explores the impact of grazing strategies on vegetation in Mongolian rangelands under high climatic variability. Specifically, it is focused on key resource areas, defined in terms of the key factor determining livestock population, and thus the ability to forage during drought. Based on the prediction proposed by Illius and O’Connor (1999) that animal numbers are regulated in a density-dependent manner by the limited forage availability in key resource areas, we established and examined the hypothesis that grazing impacts would be greater in key resource areas than in other areas even in Mongolian rangelands

Analysis of the Intestinal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium among Mongolian Adults, and Their Associated Host Factors

Objectives: To characterize gut Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and identify the factors shaping its composition, we collected fecal samples from healthy Mongolians residing in various regions of Mongolia. Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study involving 256 relatively healthy adults between July 2018 and February 2019. Fecal samples were collected for bacterial analysis using culture method and the species of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were determined by PCR. Results: The participants had a mean age of 38.9 ± 12.8 years. The abundance of Lactobacillus was weakly negatively correlated with grams of fats, potato, cereals foods consumed per day (r = -.20; r = -.16 and r = -.18 respectively). Significant differences in the counts of Lactobacillus were identified depending on the quantity of milk products consumed per day. In adult intestinal tracts, B. bifidum was the most common Bifidobacterium taxon at 29% (31 participants) followed by B. angulatum 13.1% (14), B. adolescentis 9.3% (10) B. catenulatum group 9.3% (10), B. longum 8.4% (9). B. lactis, B. breve, B. dentium and B. gallicum were subdominant species. Conclusion: The Lactobacillus abundance in healthy adults was higher in the region of Khangai, Eastern and Western Mongolia than other locations. The composition of Lactobacillus species varied. Significant but modest correlations were found between amounts of fiber, fats, potatoes consumed, and the amount of Lactobacillus

Environmental Factors Controlling Leaf Emergence in Caragana microphylla, a Deciduous Shrub of the Mongolian Steppe

Abstract: We examined the effect of temperature and rainfall on the timing of leaf emergence in Caragana microphylla, a representative deciduous shrub found in the Mongolian steppe over a three-year period. Two peaks of leaf emergence were identified, the first of which appeared to be induced by temperature, while the second was controlled by rainfall

Plant Phytomass Changes in a Lar ch Forest of the Lake Hövsgöl Area, Northern Mongolia

In the present study we related the decrease of the vegetation productivity in a larch forest with an increase of the air temperature over a 20-year period (1987-2007). During the years of the study the data from nearby weather stations showed warming and drying trends in climatic conditions: a 1.6 0 C increase of mean annual temperature, increase in maximum and minimum temperature extremes, and delay of summer rains. Plant community changes include the shift in species dominance from mesophytes to xerophytes, decrease in vegetation cover and plant height, and transformation of a single July blooming peak to the more diffuse blooming season. We also showed the plant phytomass of the larch forest of the Hövsgöl region is decreasing in response to the climate changes