Some Recent Books in Mission and World Religions

https://place.asburyseminary.edu/firstfruitspapers/1133/thumbnail.jp

Discipleship and Mission

https://place.asburyseminary.edu/firstfruitspapers/1109/thumbnail.jp

The concept of cooperation in Laotze, Confucius, and Motse.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston Universit

Hydrogen evolution and transport in semiconductors

Silicon-on-insulator structures are used for the fabrication of integrated electronic circuits, photonic devices and structures, and micro-electro-mechanical systems. The most common fabrication method for SOI is a hydrogen-induced cleavage technique in which ion-implanted hydrogen is employed to initiate and propagate cracks in a plane parallel to the silicon surface. Considerable research effort has been devoted to understanding this cleavage technique in (100) silicon but several fundamental issues remain unclear, including the role of stress on hydrogen platelet alignment. In addition, there is keen interest in extending the technique to other silicon orientations (i.e. (110) and (111)) and semiconductor materials (e.g. Ge). The intrinsic behaviour of hydrogen ion-implanted into Ge and Si was examined by ion beam analysis, optical profilometry and microscopy, to establish the influence of lattice damage and hydrogen evolution. In particular, hydrogen-induced blistering and crater formation under thermal annealing from T=300-650 degrees Celsius was studied to determine the activation energies in Ge and Si in several crystalline orientations. Similar techniques were employed as the influence of extrinsic applied stresses upon hydrogen's evolution within Si was studied, by mechanical stress application onto Si(100). XTEM was used to study the defect evolution related to the hydrogen and ion-implantation damage under anneals applied to samples under stress, in addition to samples produced in different stress conditions. Blistering rate and areal density was seen to follow logistic sigmoidal functions in all materials. Constant activation energies were measured for all Si samples under selected implantation conditions, but multiple activation energies were found in each Ge sample when the conditions were varied. Si(100) & Si(111) both blistered readily for all temperatures, Si(110) required higher H fluence and Ge showed inconsistent behaviour at different implantation conditions. Blister crater depth and roughness may be closer linked to local H concentration rather than total implantation fluence. High level doping of Si does not significantly change the dynamics of H blister formation, with potentially exploitable benefits for SOI production. Stress induced by ion implantation in Si and Ge is tensile, relaxes somewhat with thermal annealing, in the order of <1 MPa. Both 50 and 375um Si wafers behave similarly when implanted with H. Tensile stress applied to H-implanted thick Si(100) influenced hydrogen defect alignment within the lattice, shifting complexes to [110] and [100] planes following annealing. In ULTRATHIN Si, application of tensile stress may relatively diminish and compressive stress enhance diffusion of H, although any applied stress during implantation is seen to decrease H concentration. Applied stresses above 400 MPa cause the height of hydrogen surface blisters to decrease and density to increase. Blisters formed during annealing are not permanently decorated with nor contain hydrogen, whether under applied stress or not. Orientations of detectable defects are not strongly affected by application of stress, however concentrations are seen to decrease at high stress. The location of the ion-cut inducing defect does not appear to correspond to long term measurements of H or implantation damage, and may be even shallower, but this cannot be unambiguously confirmed

The New Media Writing Prize Special Collection

This article introduces the New Media Writing Prize (NMWP) special collection (https://www.webarchive.org.uk/en/ukwa/collection/2912) created on behalf of the six UK Legal Deposit Libraries and hosted by the UK Web Archive. It is divided into two sections, presenting the perspectives of the archivists and the organizers of the prize respectively. The first section outlines the scope of the collection and how it fits within the wider collecting activities of the libraries. It explains the methodology and workflows behind building the collection, with a special focus on the quality assurance aspect of the process, and on what constitutes a ‘good copy’ in the context of complex digital narratives. Furthermore, it touches on the history of the collaborations between the British Library and digital writing communities, which resulted in numerous workshops, events, residencies and ultimately the creation of this collection. The second section presents the history of the Prize from the point of view of its organizers, highlighting its evolution through the years and plans for the future

Resilience and Resistance of Sagebrush Ecosystems: Implications for State and Transition Models and Management Treatments

In sagebrush ecosystems invasion of annual exotics and expansion of piñon (Pinus monophylla Torr. and Frem.) and juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook., J. osteosperma &lsqb;Torr.] Little) are altering fire regimes and resulting in large-scale ecosystem transformations. Management treatments aim to increase resilience to disturbance and enhance resistance to invasive species by reducing woody fuels and increasing native perennial herbaceous species. We used Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project data to test predictions on effects of fire vs. mechanical treatments on resilience and resistance for three site types exhibiting cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) invasion and/or piñon and juniper expansion: 1) warm and dry Wyoming big sagebrush (WY shrub); 2) warm and moist Wyoming big sagebrush (WY PJ); and 3) cool and moist mountain big sagebrush (Mtn PJ). Warm and dry (mesic/aridic) WY shrub sites had lower resilience to fire (less shrub recruitment and native perennial herbaceous response) than cooler and moister (frigid/xeric) WY PJ and Mtn PJ sites. Warm (mesic) WY Shrub and WY PJ sites had lower resistance to annual exotics than cool (frigid to cool frigid) Mtn PJ sites. In WY shrub, fire and sagebrush mowing had similar effects on shrub cover and, thus, on perennial native herbaceous and exotic cover. In WY PJ and Mtn PJ, effects were greater for fire than cut-and-leave treatments and with high tree cover in general because most woody vegetation was removed increasing resources for other functional groups. In WY shrub, about 20% pretreatment perennial native herb cover was necessary to prevent increases in exotics after treatment. Cooler and moister WY PJ and especially Mtn PJ were more resistant to annual exotics, but perennial native herb cover was still required for site recovery. We use our results to develop state and transition models that illustrate how resilience and resistance influence vegetation dynamics and management options

Resilience to Stress and Disturbance, and Resistance to Bromus tectorum L. Invasion in Cold Desert Shrublands of Western North America

Alien grass invasions in arid and semi-arid ecosystems are resulting in grass–fire cycles and ecosystem-level transformations that severely diminish ecosystem services. Our capacity to address the rapid and complex changes occurring in these ecosystems can be enhanced by developing an understanding of the environmental factors and ecosystem attributes that determine resilience of native ecosystems to stress and disturbance, and resistance to invasion. Cold desert shrublands occur over strong environmental gradients and exhibit significant differences in resilience and resistance. They provide an excellent opportunity to increase our understanding of these concepts. Herein, we examine a series of linked questions about (a) ecosystem attributes that determine resilience and resistance along environmental gradients, (b) effects of disturbances like livestock grazing and altered fire regimes and of stressors like rapid climate change, rising CO2, and N deposition on resilience and resistance, and (c) interacting effects of resilience and resistance on ecosystems with different environmental conditions. We conclude by providing strategies for the use of resilience and resistance concepts in a management context. At ecological site scales, state and transition models are used to illustrate how differences in resilience and resistance influence potential alternative vegetation states, transitions among states, and thresholds. At landscape scales management strategies based on resilience and resistance—protection, prevention, restoration, and monitoring and adaptive management—are used to determine priority management areas and appropriate actions