The Effects of Water Quality and Quantity on the Fauna of a Non-Glacial Alaskan River

Completion reportThe work upon which this report is based was partially supported by funds provided by the U. S. Department of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Research Act of 1964. Project Number: A-010-ALAS Agreement Number: 14-01-0001-162

The Law of War and the Treatment of Prisoners of War during the World Wars

International humanitarian law on prisoners of war and other issues has grown extensively over the last century and a half. I lay out a general argument about how the law can aid warring parties in limiting violence during wartime. The patterns of compliance and violations during the World Wars illustrate both the strengths and limitations of law to protect prisoners. During the First World War, all parties wanted to follow the war but disagreed about what it required. As a result, conduct deteriorated during the war. In the Second World War, some parties wanted to follow the law while others rejected it, resulting in great differences in conduct across theaters. Practical issues also limited the ability of the parties to control abuses of prisoners of war

The Enemy Outside and Within: War and Changes of Leaders and Regimes

The University Archives has determined that this item is of continuing value to OSU's history.James D. Morrow is Professor of Political Science and Senior Research Scientist, Center for Political Studies at the University of Michigan. He is best known for his work applying noncooperative game theory to questions of international relations theory. He is the author of Game Theory for Political Scientists and The Logic of Political Survival, coauthored with Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, Alastair Smith and Randolph M. Siverson. He is currently working on a book about how norms matter in international politics, specifically focusing on the laws of war.Ohio State University. Mershon Center for International Security StudiesEvent webpage, phot

Owning Up: Determining the Proper Test for Ownership Liability Under CERCLA

The most comprehensive environmental statute since the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Congress enacted CERCLA to provide for liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency response for hazardous substances released into the environment and the cleanup of inactive hazardous waste disposal sites. The statute authorized the EPA to expend agency resources in the cleanup of contaminated sites, and vested the agency with the authority to compel those responsible for contaminations to take remedial action. In either circumstance, the EPA could sue potentially responsible parties (PRPs) to recover the agency‘s financial expenditures. The statute also created the Hazardous Substance Superfund as a repository for PRP contributions and for the monies expended in site remediation. Under CERCLA, a prima facie case for liability requires a moving party to demonstrate, inter alia, that the defendant falls within one of four classes of PRPs listed in § 107(a) of the statute. These PRPs broadly include: (1) the owners and operators of a vessel or facility; (2) the previous owners or operators of a facility at the time of contamination; (3) persons who arranged for the disposal or transport of a hazardous substance; and (4) those who transported a hazardous substance. Defendants who fall into any of these categories are subject to strict liability and will be held jointly and severally liability for the costs of cleanup. While a defendant might escape liability in limited circumstances, courts generally construe the terms of CERCLA liberally, so as to accomplish the statute‘s goal of effective environmental protection. This Note argues that a uniform approach is needed, and that a test that looks for discrete factors demonstrating sufficient indicia of ownership, giving rise to de facto ownership, is an appropriate method for determining an entity‘s liability as an owner. Part I of this Note discusses the legislative history of CERCLA. Part II presents the varying methods of analysis used by circuit courts to define a standard for CERCLA ownership, including (1) the site control analysis, (2) the de facto ownership test, and (3) deference to state common law. Part III then compares and evaluates the different court decisions that address CERCLA ownership standards, and posits that a test for de facto ownership is the proper metric for determining ownership liability. Finally, this Note concludes by arguing that a test for sufficient indicia of ownership is appropriate for assessing CERCLA liability because it affords a more consistent application of the statute across federal jurisdictions

Minimal Normal Compactifications of C2

Paper by James A. Morro

A thresher shark from Long Island Sound

The Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory recently received a fine specimen of the common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre) through the courtesy of Mr. S. Doane of Speed\u27s Bait Shop in Niantic, Connecticut…

Volume 13. Article 2. Studies on the marine resources of southern New England. VIII. The biology of the longhorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus Mitchill, with a discussion of the southern New England “trash” fishery.

https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/bulletin_yale_bingham_oceanographic_collection/1149/thumbnail.jp

Oil-induced mortalities in juvenile coho and sockeye salmon

Advanced parr of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) were exposed in laboratory tanks to oil poured on the surface of artificial seawater in amounts ranging from 500 to 3500 ppm equivalent, at water temperatures of 3°, 8°, and 13°C. Statistically significant increases in the mortality rates over control animals were observed at all oil concentrations and at all temperatures. The mortality rates appeared to be directly related to oil concentration and inversely to temperature...