Nests of Atta cephalotes (HYMENOPTERA: MYRMICINAE) in contrasting coffee management systems in the departament of Cauca, Colombia

El presente estudio se propuso localizar, cuantificar y caracterizar los nidos de hormigas arrieras en dos sistemas cafeteros de manejo contraste en los municipios de Popayán y Cajibío en el Cauca. Para este fin, se seleccionaron ocho cafetales con sombra, ocho cafetales a libre exposición y cuatro fragmentos de bosque. En cada sitio se realizaron recorridos y se ubicaron los nidos activos, en cada uno, se recolectaron e identificaron los individuos de diferentes castas y se midieron los soldados. Se calculó el área de los nidos, el número y tamaño de las pistas de forrajeo y se registraron las plantas defoliadas. Se relacionó el número y área de los nidos con variables ambientales y se correlacionó el tamaño de los soldados con el área de los nidos. Se recolectaron 276 individuos pertenecientes a cephalotes. Se registraron cuatro nidos en fragmentos de bosque, ocho en cafetales con sombra y nueve en cafetales a libre exposición. El área de los nidos varió entre 0,90 y 758,34 m², con pistas de 1 a 32 m de longitud. El área de los nidos en los cafetales a libre exposición presentó diferencias significativas con respecto a los ubicados en cafetales con sombra y fragmentos de bosque, siendo estos últimos los de mayor tamaño. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre el tamaño de los nidos y riqueza arbórea, cobertura de dosel y espesor de hojarasca, mientras que fue inversa con la temperatura ambiente. El ancho de la cabeza se correlacionó de forma positiva con el área de los nidos. Se registraron 32 especies de plantas con signos de defoliación por A. cephalotes, lo que confirma el hábito generalista de esta especie. Se resalta la importancia de mantener especies asociadas al cultivo de café como recursos alternativos y de protección al forrajeo de la hormiga.The aim of the present study was to localize, quantify and characterize the nests of the leaf cutting ants under two contrasting management systems in coffee areas of the municipalities of Popayan and Cajibio, Department of Cauca. Eight shaded coffee plantations, 8 free standing coffee plantations and 4 forest fragments were selected. At each site rounds were made and active search for nests was carried out; in each site individuals from different castes were collected and identified and soldiers were measured. The nests areas were calculated as well as the number and size of the foraging tracks, and the defoliated plants were recorded. The number and area of the nests were related to environmental variables and the size of soldiers in the nest area was correlated. A total of 276 individuals form Atta cephalotes was collected. Four nests were recorded in forest fragments, eight in shaded coffee plantations and nine in free standing coffee plantations. Nest areas varied between 0.90 and 758.34 m², with trails from 1 to 32 m length. The area of the nests located in free standing coffee plantations showed significant differences in relation to nests located in shaded coffee plantations and in forest fragments, the latter being the largest ones. A positive correlation between size of the nests and tree richness, canopy cover and thickness of fallen leaves was found, while it was inversely correlated with room temperature. The width of the head was positively correlated with the area of the nests. A total of 32 plant species with signs of defoliation by A. cephalotes was recorded confirming the general habit of these species. The importance of maintaining species associated to the coffee crop as alternative resources and for the protection of the ant foraging is highlighted

Dípteros asociados a la floración del aguacate <i>Persea americana</i> Mill cv. Hass en Cauca, Colombia

Existe una alta diversidad de insectos asociados a la floración del aguacate. Aunque las abejas son los principales polinizadores del cultivo, especies de distintos gremios tróficos frecuentan sus inflorescencias y poco se conoce sobre su identidad taxonómica. En el municipio de Morales, Cauca, Colombia, se seleccionaron dos parcelas, en las cuales se escogieron aleatoriamente cuatro árboles de aguacate y cada hora, durante 20 minutos, se realizó la captura de insectos con una jama y el registro de su comportamiento en 10 inflorescencias/árbol entre las 07:00-17:00 horas. Se evaluaron semanalmente los periodos de visita a las flores y la carga polínica de los insectos. Las evaluaciones se efectuaron durante dos épocas de floración. Se encontró alta diversidad de insectos, siendo mayor en los dípteros Lucilia eximia, Chrysomya putoria, Palpada scutellaris y Ornidia obesa. Los insectos presentaron picos de visita floral entre las 10:00-11:00 y 14:00-15:00 horas y, aunque con una baja cantidad de polen en sus cuerpos, se observaron colectando néctar, en cópula o posados en las flores. Esta investigación revela que existe una alta diversidad de dípteros asociados a la floración de Persea americana que puede contribuir a la dispersión del polen en los huertos y diversas funciones biológicas

Dípteros asociados a la floración del aguacate Persea americana Mill cv. Hass en Cauca, Colombia

There is a high diversity of insects associated to the flowering of avocado plants. Although bees are the main pollinators of the crop, species of different trophic guilds visit avocado inflorescences, yet little is known about them. In the municipality of Morales, Cauca, Colombia, two plots were selected and four trees were randomly selected from each one. Insects were collected with a net every hour for 20 minutes and the behavior of visiting insects was recorded in 10 inflorescences/tree. Insect collecting and observations were carried between 07:00-17:00 hours. The periods of visit to the flowers and the pollen load of the insects were evaluated weekly. Evaluations were carried out during two flowering periods. A high diversity of species was found associated with avocado inflorescences, being particularly higher in the order Diptera, with species such asLucilia eximia, Chrysomya putoria, Palpada scutellaris and Ornidia obesa. Insect floral visitors presented peaks between 10:00-11:00 and 14:00-15:00 hours. Although a lowamount of pollen on their bodies was observed, insects were collecting nectar, copulating or perched on flowers. This research shows that there is a high diversity of dipteransassociated with the flowering of Persea americana that could contribute to pollen dispersal in orchards and associated biological functions.Existe una alta diversidad de insectos asociados a la floración del aguacate. Aunque las abejas son los principales polinizadores del cultivo, especies de distintos gremios tróficos frecuentan sus inflorescencias y poco se conoce sobre su identidad taxonómica. En el municipio de Morales, Cauca, Colombia, se seleccionaron dos parcelas, en las cuales se escogieron aleatoriamente cuatro árboles de aguacate y cada hora, durante 20 minutos, se realizó la captura de insectos con una jama y el registro de su comportamiento en 10 inflorescencias/árbol entre las 07:00-17:00 horas. Se evaluaron semanalmente los periodos de visita a las flores y la carga polínica de los insectos. Las evaluaciones se efectuaron durante dos épocas de floración. Se encontró alta diversidad de insectos, siendo mayor en los dípteros Lucilia eximia, Chrysomya putoria, Palpada scutellaris y Ornidia obesa. Los insectos presentaron picos de visita floral entre las 10:00-11:00 y 14:00-15:00 horas y, aunque con una baja cantidad de polen en sus cuerpos, se observaron colectando néctar, en cópula o posados en las flores. Esta investigación revela que existe una alta diversidad de dípteros asociados a la floración de Persea americana que puede contribuir a la dispersión del polen en los huertos y diversas funciones biológicas

Descripción de los estados inmaduros de astaena valida (coleoptera: melolonthidae: melolonthinae: sericini)

Larvae and adults of some species of the genus Astaena may damage the roots and leaves of cultivated plants in the temperate and cold climates in Colombia. The third instar larva as well as male and female pupae of Astaena valida Burm. are described and illustrated. An identification key for the larvae of some genera of Colombian Melolonthinae is included. Larvae of A. valida live in disfunctional soils feeding on roots of yucca, grass, coffee, fique, tomato, pineapple, asparagous, maize and ornamental plants, with densities up to 36 grubs/m2. Adults have seasonal activity during October-November rainfall period, and are attracted to electric lights.Las larvas y adultos de varias especies de Astaena dañan las raíces y el follaje de cultivos en climas templados y fríos en Colombia. En el presente artículo se describen la larva de tercer estadio y la pupa de macho y hembra de Astaena valida Burm., se ilustran sus caracteres diagnósticos y se propone una clave para distinguir sus larvas de otros Melolonthinae locales. Se confirmó que las larvas son rizófagas, y se encuentran en grupos de hasta 36 ejemplares/m2, prosperan en suelos disfuncionales, asociados a la rizósfera de yuca, pastos, cafeto, fique, tomate, piña, espárragos, maíz y ornamentales. Los adultos son fototáxicos, estacionales, activos en el período de lluvias de octubre y noviembre

New records of the Indo-african beetle <em>Digitonthophagus gazella<em> (Fabricius 1987) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) in Colombia

The Indo-african beetle Digitonthophagus gazella was introduced into the Americas as a bio-controller of parasites and flies in livestock systems. This dung scarab is characterized for its high dispersal ability, reproduction and efficient use of cattle manure. In Colombia, the most recent survey situated this beetle only in lowland areas. In the present study D. gazella was found in two new Colombian departments (Meta and Valle del Cauca) and its presence was confirmed in Antioquia. In this study, few individuals were collected and they were associated with vegetation systems with poor cover, such as livestock pastures and sugar cane monoculture, suggesting early stages of colonization and corroborating the preference of the species for open areas. Besides with the range extension with new records, this work also provides insights on D. gazella apparent colonization above 500 m of altitude. The distribution of this species across the Magdalena River valley appears to be associated with inter-department bovine transport. The importance of a continuous monitoring of the dispersion of D. gazella in Colombia, to establish its dispersal rate, habitat preference and pest status is also highlighted

Caracterización molecular del complejo picudo de plátano (coleóptera: curculionidae), géneros cosmopolites y metamasius, en tres localidades de colombia

El plátano es un cultivo importante en el mundo y es considerado alimento básico en países tropicales y fuente de ingresos para mercados locales e internacionales. En la zona central cafetera de Colombia se concentra el 60% de la producción. Entre los insectos-plaga más severos asociados con este cultivo se encuentran los picudos Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar), Metamasius hemipterus (Linnaeus) y Metamasius hebetatus (Gyllenhal), y el C. sordidus es el de mayor importancia en estos cultivos. La identificación precisa de las diferentes especies que conforman el complejo es esencial para la adopción de monitoreos apropiados y desarrollo de estrategias eficientes de manejo. No obstante, no existen estudios de caracterización molecular de especies del complejo y sólo se cuenta con claves taxonómicas basadas en caracteres morfológicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue discriminar las principales especies del complejo picudo del plátano con el análisis molecular de un fragmento del gen citocromo oxidasa I y contrastar los resultados moleculares con la diferenciación morfológica

The Research Journey as a Challenge Towards New Trends

The academic community of the department of Risaralda, in its permanent interest in evidencing the results of the research processes that are carried out from the Higher Education Institutions and as a product of the VI meeting of researchers of the department of Risaralda held in November 2021 presents its work: “The journey of research as a challenge towards new trends”, which reflects the result of the latest research and advances in different lines of knowledge in Agricultural Sciences, Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Technology and Information Sciences, which seek to solve and meet the demands of the different sectors. This work would not have been possible without the help of each of the teachers, researchers and authors who presented their articles that make up each of the chapters of the book, to them our gratitude for their commitment, dedication and commitment, since their sole purpose is to contribute from the academy and science to scientific and technological development in the search for the solution of problems and thus contribute to transform the reality of our society and communities. We also wish to extend our gratitude to the institutions of the Network that made this publication possible: UTP, UCP, UNAD, UNIREMINGTON; UNISARC, CIAF, Universidad Libre, Uniclaretiana, Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar and UNIMINUTO, institutions that in one way or another allowed this work to become a reality, which we hope will be of interest to you.Preface............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1. Technologies and Engineering Towards a humanization in Engineering using soft skills in training in Engineers.............................................................................................................11 Omar Iván Trejos Buriticá1, Luis Eduardo Muñoz Guerrero Innovative materials in construction: review from a bibliometric analysis....................................................................................................................27 Cristian Osorio Gómez, Daniel Aristizábal Torres, Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Cristhian Camilo Amariles López Bibliometric review of disaster risk management: progress, trends, and challenges.........................................................................................................51 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Gloria Milena Molina Vinasco. Incidence of land coverage and geology, in the unstability of lands of the micro-basin of the Combia creek, Pereira, Risaralda....................................73 Alejandro Alzate Buitrago, Daniel Aristizábal Torres. Chapter 2. Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Training experience with teachers teaching mathematics using the inquiry methodology ...............................................................................................95 Vivian Libeth Uzuriaga López, Héctor Gerardo Sánchez Bedoya. Interpretation of the multiple representations of the fears associated to the boarding of limited visual patients in the elective I students’ written productions and low vision ...................................................................................113 Eliana Bermúdez Cardona, Ana María Agudelo Guevara, Caterine Villamarín Acosta. The relevance of local knowledge in social sciences............................................131 Alberto Antonio Berón Ospina, Isabel Cristina Castillo Quintero. Basic education students’ conceptions of conflict a view from the peace for the education....................................................................................................143 Astrid Milena Calderón Cárdenas,Carolina Aguirre Arias, Carolina Franco Ossa, Martha Cecilia Gutiérrez Giraldo, Orfa Buitrago. Comprehensive risk prevention in educational settings: an interdisciplinary and socio-educational approach ............................................................................163 Olga María Henao Trujillo, Claudia María López Ortiz. Chapter 3. Natural and Agricultural Sciences Physicochemical characterization of three substrates used in the deep bedding system in swine .......................................................................................175 Juan Manuel Sánchez Rubio, Andrés Felipe Arias Roldan, Jesús Arturo Rincón Sanz, Jaime Andrés Betancourt Vásquez. Periodic solutions in AFM models........................................................................187 Daniel Cortés Zapata, Alexander Gutiérrez Gutiérrez. Phenology in flower and fruit of Rubus glaucus benth. Cv. Thornless in Risaralda: elements for phytosanitary management .........................................199 Shirley Palacios Castro, Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, James Montoya Lerma, Ricardo Flórez, Harry Josué Pérez. Socio-economic and technical characterization of the cultivation of avocado (Persea americana) in Risaralda..............................................................217 Andrés Alfonso Patiño Martínez, Kelly Saudith Castañez Poveda, Eliana Gómez Correa. Biosecurity management in backyard systems in Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda................................................................................................................227 Julia Victoria Arredondo Botero, Jaiver Estiben Ocampo Jaramillo, Juan Sebastián Mera Vallejo, Álvaro de Jesús Aranzazu Hernández. CONTENTS Physical-chemical diagnosis of soils in hillside areas with predominance of Lulo CV. La Selva production system in the department of Risaralda.............241 Adriana Patricia Restrepo Gallón, María Paula Landinez Montes, Jimena Tobón López. Digestibility of three concentrates used in canine feeding....................................271 María Fernanda Mejía Silva, Valentina Noreña Sánchez, Gastón Adolfo Castaño Jiménez. Chapter 4. Economic, Administrative, and Accounting Sciences Financial inclusion in households from socioeconomic strata 1 and 2 in the city of Pereira ..................................................................................................285 Lindy Neth Perea Mosquera, Marlen Isabel Redondo Ramírez, Angélica Viviana Morales. Internal marketing strategies as a competitive advantage for the company Mobilautos SAS de Dosquebradas........................................................................303 Inés Montoya Sánchez, Sandra Patricia Viana Bolaños, Ana María Barrera Rodríguez. Uses of tourist marketing in the tourist sector of the municipality of Belén de Umbría, Risaralda.............................................................................................319 Ana María Barrera Rodríguez, Paola Andrea Echeverri Gutiérrez, María Camila Parra Buitrago, Paola Andrea Martín Muñoz, Angy Paola Ángel Vélez, Luisa Natalia Trejos Ospina. Territorial prospective of Risaralda department (Colombia), based on the SDGS...............................................................................................................333 Juan Guillermo Gil García, Samanta Londoño Velásquez. Chapter 5. Health and Sports Sciences Performance evaluation in times of pandemic. What do medical students think?.......................................................................................................353 Samuel Eduardo Trujillo Henao, Rodolfo A. Cabrales Vega, Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez. The relevance of the therapist’s self and self-reference in the training of psychologists.....................................................................................................371 Maria Paula Marmolejo Lozano, Mireya Ospina Botero. Habits related to oral health which influence lifestyle of elder people in a wellness center for the elderly in Pereira 2020. .............................................387 Isadora Blanco Pérez, Olga Patricia Ramírez Rodríguez, Ángela María Rincón Hurtado. Analysis of the suicide trend in the Coffee Region in Colombia during the years 2012-2018 ..............................................................................................405 Germán Alberto Moreno Gómez, Jennifer Nessim Salazar, Jairo Franco Londoño, Juan Carlos Medina Osorio. Hind limb long bone fractures in canines and felines...........................................419 María Camila Cruz Vélez, Valentina Herrera Morales, Alba Nydia Restrepo Jiménez, Lina Marcela Palomino, Gabriel Rodolfo Izquierdo Bravo. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in the rural and urban area of Risaralda....................................................................................................439 Angela María Álvarez López, Angela Liceth Pérez Rendón, Alejandro Gómez Rodas, Luis Enrique Isaza Velásquez. Chapter 6. Architecture, Design and Advertising The artisan crafts of Risaralda, characteristics, importance, and risks within the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape, CCCL....................................457 Yaffa Nahir Ivette Gómez Barrera, Javier Alfonso López Morales