Categories of insight and their correlates: An exploration of relationships among classic-type insight problems, rebus puzzles, remote associates and esoteric analogies.

A central question in creativity concerns how insightful ideas emerge. Anecdotal examples of insightful scientific and technical discoveries include Goodyear's discovery of the vulcanization of rubber, and Mendeleev's realization that there may be gaps as he tried to arrange the elements into the Periodic Table. Although most people would regard these discoveries as insightful, cognitive psychologists have had difficulty in agreeing on whether such ideas resulted from insights or from conventional problem solving processes. One area of wide agreement among psychologists is that insight involves a process of restructuring. If this view is correct, then understanding insight and its role in problem solving will depend on a better understanding of restructuring and the characteristics that describe it. This article proposes and tests a preliminary classification of insight problems based on several restructuring characteristics: the need to redefine spatial assumptions, the need to change defined forms, the degree of misdirection involved, the difficulty in visualizing a possible solution, the number of restructuring sequences in the problem, and the requirement for figure-ground type reversals. A second purpose of the study was to compare performance on classic spatial insight problems with two types of verbal tests that may be related to insight, the Remote Associates Test (RAT), and rebus puzzles. In doing so, we report on the results of a survey of 172 business students at the University of Waikato in New Zealand who completed classic-type insight, RAT and rebus problems

Learning Cast up from the Mire: Archaeological Investigations of Schoolhouses in the Northeastern United States

Common schools, often comprising a single room with one or two teachers, taught millions of children from the 1850s through the 1930s. They have provided source material for objective historical writings on education and inspired subjective literature on the school experiences of teachers and students. But as prominent as one-room schools have been in the North American experience, and in the perceptions of rural 19th- and early 20th-century life, these ubiquitous structures have not found a place in the archaeological literature. This paper examines the archaeological potential of schoolhouse sites for providing useful information not otherwise available to historians, poets, and playwrights

Public groundwater supplies in Kendall county

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Public groundwater supplies in Mason county

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Public groundwater supplies in Stark county

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Public groundwater supplies in Lake county

"Supersedes Bulletin 40 and its supplements 1 and 2".Enumeration continues from preceding title

Direct Spectroscopic Identification of the Origin of 'Green Fuzzy' Emission in Star Forming Regions

"Green fuzzies" or "extended green objects" were discovered in the recent Spitzer GLIMPSE survey data. These extended sources have enhanced emission in the 4.5um IRAC channel images (which are generally assigned to be green when making 3-color RGB images from Spitzer data). Green fuzzies are frequently found in the vicinities of massive young stellar objects, and it has been established that they are in some cases associated with outflows. Nevertheless, the spectral carrier(s) of this enhanced emission is still uncertain. Although it has been suggested that Br Alpha, H2, [Fe II], and/or broad CO emission may be contributing to and enhancing the 4.5um flux from these objects, to date there have been no direct observations of the 4-5um spectra of these objects. We report here on the first direct spectroscopic identification of the origin of the green fuzzy emission. We obtained spatially resolved L and M band spectra for two green fuzzy sources using NIRI on the Gemini North telescope. In the case of one source, G19.88-0.53, we detect three individual knots of green fuzzy emission around the source. The knots exhibit a pure molecular hydrogen line emission spectrum, with the 4.695um v=0-0 S(9) line dominating the emission in the 4-5um wavelength range, and no detected continuum component. Our data for G19.88-0.53 prove that green fuzzy emission can be due primarily to emission lines of molecular hydrogen within the bandpass of the IRAC 4.5um channel. However, the other target observed, G49.27-0.34, does not exhibit any line emission and appears to be an embedded massive young stellar object with a cometary UC HII region. We suggest that the effects of extinction in the 3-8um wavelength range and an exaggeration in the color stretch of the 4.5um filter in IRAC RGB images could lead to embedded sources such as this one falsely appearing "green".Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures; Accepted for publication by A

Procedures for the Collection of Representative Water Quality Data from Monitoring Wells

Data collected from six monitoring wells at waste disposal sites in Illinois were used to evaluate procedures for the collection of "representative" water samples from monitoring wells. The effects of four types of pumping mechanisms, the extent of well flushing, the rate and time of pumping, and storage and preservation techniques on chemical composition of water samples were studied. Pump tests and multiple sample experiments provided data on which recommended sampling protocols and sample preservation, preparation, and storage procedures are based. The selection of the type of sampling device; sample preparation, preservation and storage; and sampling procedures all must be tailored to the size and accessibility of the individual well, its hydrologic and chemical character, the chemical constituents of interest, and the purpose for monitoring the site. Generally recommended sampling procedures include: 1) using peristaltic or submersible diaphragm type pumps when possible; 2) conducting pump tests prior to sampling to determine sampling frequency and time and rate of pumping; 3) flushing the well by pumping four to six well volumes; 4) measuring key parameters such as pH, specific conductance, oxidation-reduction potential, and alkalinity at the time of sample collection; and 5) filtering samples immediately on site through a 0.45 μm pore size filter and then preserving the samples immediately after filtration, according to U.S. EPA (1979) recommended procedures. i

Factors influencing the market for branded mass customized buildings

The concept of mass customisation is not new yet the UK construction industry has yet to grasp this opportunity to deliver greater value to its customers. The government report Rethinking Construction [Egan 1998] clearly identifies this issue: ‘ We have repeatedly heard the claim that construction is different from manufacturing because every product is unique. We do not agree. Not only are many buildings such as houses, essentially repeat products which can be continually improved but, more importantly, the process of construction is itself repeated in its essentials from project to project.’ Egan delivered this report in 1998 but CLASP, for example, highlighted the advantages of standardisation in 1959 in the conclusions to their Annual Report [CLASP 1959]:’The consortium is now an established and powerful force in building, responsible for a significant number of the country’s new schools as well as for a growing number of other public buildings. The second year of operations has confirmed that the consortium with its big orders and its design resources, is the kind of organization most capable of realizing the full economic advantage of factory production methods. It leads therefore towards the more enlightened building industry for which we all strive.’ A review of government funded construction reports between 1944-98 [Murray 2003] emphasises the continued presence of these recurring themes in appraisal of the construction process. The opportunity is seemingly clear. Designing and constructing from scratch, each time a client requires building infrastructure, is wasteful and inefficient. A radical market change is needed where built environment customers experience much greater certainty and value whilst retaining choice, and at the same time enabling constructors to improve their profit margins by sharing the rewards of jointly maximising value. This vision requires the replacement of a significant portion of the current bespoke market for the design, delivery and procurement of non-residential buildings with a combination of standardised and customised product offerings. This paper details information obtained to date from an ongoing IMCRC funded study entitled ‘Building the Brand’ at Loughborough University