United states nuclear strategy in the twenty-first century

Part IIII: Deterrence Practice – The Five Established Nuclear Weapon StatesThe article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1080/135232604200029052

Enhancing Botanical Composition and Wildlife Habitat of Pastures in South Central Iowa through Soil Disturbance by Mob-grazing of Beef Cattle

South central Iowa grasslands are dominated by cool season grass species with low productivity and plant species diversity which limits the forage for grazing animals and habitat for native grassland wildlife. Strategic spring mobgrazing may reduce competition from cool-season grass species allowing legumes, early successional species, and native plants to establish while improving soil characteristics. Two blocks of three replicated pastures were divided into 5 equal-sized paddocks to determine the effects of early spring mob-grazing on pasture forage and soil characteristics. In each pasture, one paddock was not grazed (U) and 4 were strip- (S; moved once per day with a back fence) or mob- (M; moved 4 times per day with a back fence) grazed beginning in May of 2011 (BL1) and 2012 (BL2) by 10 cows at a live forage DM allowance of 2% BW/d. Subsequently, one mob (MR) and strip (SR) paddock in each pasture was rotationally stocked to remove 50% of the live forage with 35-d rest periods beginning 60 d after spring grazing in yr 1 of each block. Measurements includedwater infiltration determined with double ring infiltrometers, soil penetration resistance determined with a penetrometer, pasture botanical composition determined by the line transect method, and ground nesting bird habitat measured as visual obstruction to a 3.3x 3.3 ft board by image analysis of digital photos. In BL1, there were no significant differences in water infiltration or penetration resistance between treatments in 2011. The proportions of annual grasses and bare ground were greater (P\u3c 0.05) in grazed than U paddocks in July 2011. In 2012, the proportions of legumes were greater (P\u3c 0.05) in M and SR paddocks in May and in M, S, and SR paddocks in July than U paddocks. In BL2, proportions of annual grasses in M and S paddocks and bare ground in MR, S, and SR paddocks were greater (P\u3c 0.05) than U paddocks in July 2012. In 2011, visual obstruction to 1 m was greater (P\u3c 0.05) in U than grazed paddocks of BL1 in July. However, in October, visual obstruction did not differ between S and U paddocks to 19.7 in. and was greater (P\u3c 0.05) in S and M than SR and MR paddocks to a height of 15.7 in

Grazing System Effects on Soil Compaction in Southern Iowa Pastures

Soil compaction was measured as soil bulk density to a depth of 3 inches and soil penetration resistance to a depth of 6 inches at distances of 10 to 300 feet from a water source in pastures grazed by continuous, rotational or paddock strip-stocking at a stocking rate of 0.8 cows per acre over 3 years. Soil bulk density and penetration resistance 10 feet from the water source were greater than measurements further from the water sources. While stocking system had no main effects on soil bulk density and penetration resistance, paddocks grazed by strip-stocking had lower penetration resistance at depths of 0, 5, and 6 inches than continuous stocked pastures in October of each year. Results imply that producers should avoid placing of congregation areas like water sources in areas that would be sensitive to soil erosion and nutrient run off. Use of stocking systems like paddock strip stocking that provide long rest periods may be somewhat helpful in maintaining plant growth and water infiltration in pastures

Microvascular complications of impaired glucose tolerance.

Journal ArticleImpaired glucose tolerance (IGT) serves as a marker for the state of insulin resistance and predicts both large- and small-vessel vascular complications, independent of a patient's progression to diabetes. Patients with IGT are at significantly increased risk for death and morbidity due to myocardial infarction, stroke, and large-vessel occlusive disease. IGT is more predictive of cardiovascular morbidity than impaired fasting glucose, probably because it is a better surrogate for the state of insulin resistance. IGT is also independently associated with traditional microvascular complications of diabetes, including retinopathy, renal disease, and polyneuropathy, which are the topics of this review. Inhibition of nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, endothelial injury due to increased release of free fatty acids and adipocytokines from adipocytes, and direct metabolic injury of endothelial and end-organ cells contribute to vascular complications. Early detection of IGT allows intensive diet and exercise modification, which has proven significantly more effective than drug therapy in normalizing postprandial glucose and inhibiting progression to diabetes. To what degree intervention will limit recognized complications is not known

Strategy and Conventional-Nuclear Integration for the Navy

NPS NRP Executive SummaryThe United States Navy must address how it will integrate conventional and nuclear weapons across the full spectrum of conflict, ranging from non-kinetic, gray zone-type encounters all the way up the escalatory chain to a nuclear exchange. At present the conception of warfare is considered in discrete areas: conventional, chemical, biological, cyber, and nuclear. It is imperative that the Navy develop a coherent conceptual framework that recognizes the linkages between all these domains of warfare. This study will develop a conceptual framework for the Navy to address the integration of conventional and nuclear weapons.N3/N5 - Plans & StrategyThis research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrpChief of Naval Operations (CNO)Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Strategy and Conventional-Nuclear Integration for the Navy

NPS NRP Project PosterThe United States Navy must address how it will integrate conventional and nuclear weapons across the full spectrum of conflict, ranging from non-kinetic, gray zone-type encounters all the way up the escalatory chain to a nuclear exchange. At present the conception of warfare is considered in discrete areas: conventional, chemical, biological, cyber, and nuclear. It is imperative that the Navy develop a coherent conceptual framework that recognizes the linkages between all these domains of warfare. This study will develop a conceptual framework for the Navy to address the integration of conventional and nuclear weapons.N3/N5 - Plans & StrategyThis research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrpChief of Naval Operations (CNO)Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Strategy and Conventional-Nuclear Integration for the Navy

NPS NRP Technical ReportThe United States Navy must address how it will integrate conventional and nuclear weapons across the full spectrum of conflict, ranging from non-kinetic, gray zone-type encounters all the way up the escalatory chain to a nuclear exchange. At present the conception of warfare is considered in discrete areas: conventional, chemical, biological, cyber, and nuclear. It is imperative that the Navy develop a coherent conceptual framework that recognizes the linkages between all these domains of warfare. This study will develop a conceptual framework for the Navy to address the integration of conventional and nuclear weapons.N3/N5 - Plans & StrategyThis research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrpChief of Naval Operations (CNO)Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

A global fit of top quark effective theory to data

In this paper we present a global fit of beyond the Standard Model (BSM) dimension six operators relevant to the top quark sector to currently available data. Experimental measurements include parton-level top-pair and single top production from the LHC and the Tevatron. Higher order QCD corrections are modelled using differential and global K-factors, and we use novel fast-fitting techniques developed in the context of Monte Carlo event generator tuning to perform the fit. This allows us to provide new, fully correlated and model-independent bounds on new physics effects in the top sector from the most current direct hadron-collider measurements in light of the involved theoretical and experimental systematics. As a by-product, our analysis constitutes a proof-of-principle that fast fitting of theory to data is possible in the top quark sector, and paves the way for a more detailed analysis including top quark decays, detector corrections and precision observables.Comment: Additional references and preprint code added. Minor error in generation of plots fixed, no conclusions affecte