OUTLOOK FOR DAIRY 2004

Livestock Production/Industries,

OUTLOOK FOR DAIRY

Demand and Price Analysis,

OUTLOOK FOR DAIRY 2005

Livestock Production/Industries,

THE OUTLOOK FOR DAIRY

Livestock Production/Industries,

Structural trends in clusters of quadrupolar spheres

The influence of quadrupolar interactions on the structure of small clusters is investigated by adding a point quadrupole of variable strength to the Lennard-Jones potential. Competition arises between sheet-like arrangements of the particles, favoured by the quadrupoles, and compact structures, favoured by the isotropic Lennard-Jones attraction. Putative global potential energy minima are obtained for clusters of up to 25 particles using the basin-hopping algorithm. A number of structural motifs and growth sequences emerge, including star-like structures, tubes, shells and sheets. The results are discussed in the context of colloidal self-assembly.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

Chemiluminescent Tags for Tracking Insect Movement in Darkness: Application to Moth Photo-Orientation

The flight tracks of Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) flying toward a 5 watt incandescent light bulb were recorded under low light conditions with the aid of a camera-mounted photomultiplier and a glowing marker technique. Small felt pads bearing a chemiluminescent (glowi ma­erial, Cyalume®, were affixed to the abdomens of free-flying moths. insects orienting to a dim incandescent bulb were easily visible to the naked eye and were clearly captured on videotape. On their initial approach to the light source, M. sexta were found to orient at a mean angle of -0.220 ± 2.70 (mean ± SEM). The speed of the initial approach flight (OA ± 0.03 m/s) was significantly faster than the speed immediately after passing the light (0.29 ± 0.02 m/s; t =6.4, PM. sexta initially fly approximately at a light source and only after passing it, do they engage in circular flight around the source. M. sexta flight to lights does not entirely match any paths predicted by several light orientation mechanisms, including the commonly invoked light compass theory

The Port Norfolk Project: Improved Raster Navigation Products From High Resolution Source Data

With increasing capabilities in technology, modern hydrographic surveys are comprised of similarly increasing amounts of data, only a minute fraction of which is currently available in the nautical charts produced by the NOAA Office of Coast Survey (OCS). Simultaneously, a tremendous amount of effort goes into the generalization and optimal cartographic representation of the hydrographic data onto raster products, from which the vector products are digitized. Preserving and maintaining a single database of high-resolution vector source data will retain— and make accessible—much more of the hydrographic data collected, alleviate the burden of generalization, and would allow for delivery of high-resolution vector products, as well as a very wide selection of raster products. From high-resolution source data, raster output could be generated at customer specifications. These “user-defined” raster products could be suitably tailored to meet anyone’s needs, regardless if they are a mariner, a scientist, a fisherman, a student, or a casual “common man” customer. The “user-defined” concept will ultimately improve our ability to meet the highly variable needs of our customers. This paper is intended as an exploratory endeavor, specifically, using the Paper Chart Editor component of CARIS HPD to create examples of the kinds of raster products one can create from high-resolution source data, how this process could optimize the current raster chart production workflow within OCS, while also providing a stronger focus on customer service. Finally, the capabilities and lessons learned from the experimentation with HPD will be applied toward the NOAA-wide implementation of Nautical Chart System II (NCSII)

An Investigation of Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia After Isometric and Cardiovascular Exercise

Exercise-induced hypoalgesia is a well-established phenomenon in the literature. The underlying mechanisms responsible for this augmentation of pain perception are not completely understood. The specific mode and intensity of exercise that creates hypoalgesia remains equivocal. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify if any differences existed in the exercise-induced hypoalgesia of isometric gripping exercise (IGE) and treadmill exercise (TE). A repeated measures design was used to determine the differences in pain threshold between acute exposure to IGE and TE. Twelve healthy male volunteers served as our subjects. Subjects were tested on three different days under three different conditions (rest, IGE, TE). The order of the trials was randomized and applied force (AF) was used as the dependent variable. Applied force pain threshold (AFPT) was determined by a handheld dolorimeter used to apply progressive force and pain to the skin and muscles of the wrist flexors before and after exercise. Exercise induced hypoalgesia was found in both exercise conditions by comparing resting PPT values (6.23 ± 2.04) to those measured immediately after IGE (7.24 ± 1.61; p = 0.0058) or TE (8.03 ± 2.03; p = 0.0001). However, TE produced a larger (22.04 %) hypoanalgesic effect in comparison to isometric exercise (14.14 %). Both TE and IGE may have potential as methods of increasing one’s pressure pain threshold. Further investigation into the specific causes of exercise-induced hypoalgesia is warranted