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Data of Fig. 1 from The shark–tuna dichotomy: why tuna lay tiny eggs but sharks produce large offspring

Offspring and adult wet weights of chondrichthyes and teleost

Data Paper. Data Paper

<h2>File List</h2><blockquote> <p>Each data set has its own file and its own metadata documenting the data collection details and data set structure.</p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Rodents:</b></td> <td><i>Data file</i> (see <a href="../../../log.htm">log of corrections</a>)<i>-- </i></td> <td><a href="Portal_rodents_19772002.csv">Portal_rodents_19772002.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>Metadata -- </i></td> <td><a href="Portal_rodent_metadata.htm">Portal_rodent_metadata.htm</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Plants:</b></td> <td><i>Data files -- </i></td> <td><a href="Portal_plant_summer_annual_19831988.csv">Portal_plant_summer_annual_19831988.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="Portal_plant_summer_perennial_19831988.csv">Portal_plant_summer_perennial_19831988.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="Portal_plant_summer_annual_19892002.csv">Portal_plant_summer_annual_19892002.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="Portal_plant_summer_perennial_19892002.csv">Portal_plant_summer_perennial_19892002.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="Portal_plant_winter_annual_19831988.csv">Portal_plant_winter_annual_19831988.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="Portal_plant_winter_perennial_19831988.csv">Portal_plant_winter_perennial_19831988.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="Portal_plant_winter_annual_19892002.csv">Portal_plant_winter_annual_19892002.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="Portal_plant_winter_perennial_19892002.csv">Portal_plant_winter_perennial_19892002.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>Metadata -- </i></td> <td><a href="Portal_plant_metadata.htm">Portal_plant_metadata.htm</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Ants:</b></td> <td><i>Data files -- </i></td> <td><a href="Portal_ant_colony_19771987.csv">Portal_ant_colony_19771987.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="Portal_ant_colony_19882002.csv">Portal_ant_colony_19882002.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="Portal_ant_bait_19882002.csv">Portal_ant_bait_19882002.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>Metadata -- </i></td> <td><a href="Portal_ant_metadata.htm">Portal_ant_metadata.htm</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>Precipitation:</b></td> <td><i>Data files -- </i></td> <td><a href="Portal_precipitation_19801989.csv">Portal_precipitation_19801989.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="Portal_precipitation_19892002.csv">Portal_precipitation_19892002.csv</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>Metadata --</i> </td> <td><a href="Portal_precipitation_metadata.htm">Portal_precipitation_metadata.htm</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </blockquote><h2>Description</h2><blockquote> <p>Desert ecosystems have long served as model systems in the study of ecological concepts (e.g., competition, resource pulses, top-down/bottom-up dynamics). However, the inherent variability of resource availability in deserts, and hence consumer dynamics, can also make them challenging ecosystems to understand. Study of a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem near Portal, Arizona, began in 1977. At this site, 24 experimental plots were established in 1977 and divided among controls and experimental manipulations. Experimental manipulations over the years include removal of all or some rodent species, all or some ants, seed additions, and various alterations of the annual plant community. While some of these manipulations were discontinued early on, others (i.e., ant and rodent manipulations) have been maintained throughout the study. Monitoring of the composition and abundances of ants, plants, and rodents has occurred continuously on all 24 plots. From 1977–2002, individual-level data on rodents (i.e., species, sex, size, reproductive condition) was collected monthly for each plot. From 1983–2002, the species-level abundances of plants were sampled on permanent quadrats. From 1977–2002, the species-level abundance of ant colonies was recorded for each plot and from 1988–2002 additional information on ant abundances were recorded. Finally, from 1980–2002 we recorded precipitation at the study site.</p> <p>These data have been used in a variety of publications documenting the effects of the experimental manipulations as well as the response of populations and communities to long-term changes in climate and habitat. Sampling is ongoing and this database will be periodically updated.</p> <p><i>Key words: ants; Chihuahuan Desert; LTREB data; plants; rodents</i>.</p> </blockquote

Proof that mass-abundance curves have the same shapes as fitness contours from The shark–tuna dichotomy: why tuna lay tiny eggs but sharks produce large offspring

Teleosts such as tunas and billfish lay millions of tiny eggs weighing on the order of 0.001 g, whereas chondrichthyes such as sharks and rays produce a few eggs or live offspring weighing about 2% of adult body mass, as much as 10 000 g in some species. Why are the strategies so extreme, and why are intermediate ones absent? Building on previous work, we show quantitatively how offspring size reflects the relationship between growth and death rates. We construct fitness contours as functions of offspring size and number, and show how these can be derived from juvenile growth and survivorship curves. Convex contours, corresponding to Pearl Type 1 and 2 survivorship curves, select for extremes, either miniscule or large offspring; concave contours select for offspring of intermediate size. Of particular interest are what we call critical straight-line fitness contours, corresponding to log-linear Pearl Type 3 survivorship curves, which separate regimes that select for opposite optimal offspring sizes

Appendix A. Evaluation of statistical power of the null model of Nichols et al.

Evaluation of statistical power of the null model of Nichols et al

Food storage technologies

Food storage technologies with historical dates of appearance, energy requirements, and shelf life of various food items with and without storage technolog

Transportation technologies over human history

Date of first appearance, average speed, capacity, and energy source for various air, land, and water transport vessels used for food and other transportation over human histor

Growth rates of food spoiling microbes

The temperature-dependent growth rates of various microbes causing food spoilag

Data Paper. Data Paper

<h2>File List</h2><blockquote> <p>Data files are in ASCII format, tab delimited. No compression schemes were used. Data set consists of 5732 records, not including header row.</p> <p><a href="MOMv3.3.txt">MOMv3.3.txt</a></p> </blockquote><h2>Description</h2><blockquote> <p>The purpose of this data set was to compile body mass information for all mammals on Earth so that we could investigate the patterns of body mass seen across geographic and taxonomic space and evolutionary time.  We were interested in the heritability of body size across taxonomic groups (How conserved is body mass within a genus, family, and order?), in the overall pattern of body mass across continents (Do the moments and other descriptive statistics remain the same across geographic space?), and over evolutionary time (How quickly did body mass patterns iterate on the patterns seen today?  Were the Pleistocene extinctions size specific on each continent, and did these events coincide with the arrival of man?).  These data are also part of a larger project that seeks to integrate body mass patterns across very diverse taxa (NCEAS Working Group on Body size in ecology and paleoecology:  linking pattern and process across space, time and taxonomic scales).  We began with the updated version of Wilson and Reeder’s (1993) taxonomic list of all known Recent mammals of the world (<i>N</i> = 4629 species) to which we added status, distribution, and body mass estimates compiled from the primary and secondary literature. Whenever possible, we used an average of male and female body mass, which was in turn averaged over multiple localities to arrive at our species body mass values.  The sources are line referenced in the main data set, with the actual references appearing in a table within the metadata.  Mammals have individual records for each continent they occur on.  Please note that our data set is more than an amalgamation of smaller compilations.  Although we relied heavily a data set for Chiroptera by K. E. Jones (<i>N</i> = 905), the CRC handbook of Mammalian Body Mass (<i>N</i> = 688), and a data set compiled for South America by P. Marquet (<i>N</i> = 505), these total less than half the records in the current database.  The remainder are derived from more than 150 other sources (see reference table).  Furthermore, we include a comprehensive late Pleistocene species assemblage for Africa, North and South America, and Australia (an additional 230 species). “Late Pleistocene” is defined as approximately 11 ka for Africa, North and South America, and as 50 ka for Australia, because these times predate anthropogenic impacts on mammalian fauna. Estimates contained within this data set represent a generalized species value, averaged across gender and geographic space.  Consequently, these data are not appropriate for asking population-level questions where the integration of body mass with specific environmental conditions is important.  All extant orders of mammals are included, as well as several archaic groups (<i>N</i> = 4859 species).  Because some species are found on more than one continent (particularly Chiroptera), there are 5731 entries.  We have body masses for the following:  Artiodactyla (280 records), Bibymalagasia (2 records), Carnivora (393 records), Cetacea (75 records), Chiroptera (1071 records), Dasyuromorphia (67 records), Dermoptera (3 records), Didelphimorphia (68 records), Diprotodontia (127 records), Hydracoidea (5 records), Insectivora (234 records), Lagomorpha (53 records), Litopterna (2 records), Macroscelidea (14 records), Microbiotheria (1 record), Monotremata (7 records), Notoryctemorphia (1 record), Notoungulata (5 records), Paucituberculata (5 records), Peramelemorphia (24 records), Perissodactyla (47 records), Pholidota (8 records), Primates (276 records), Proboscidea (14 records), Rodentia (1425 records), Scandentia (15 records), Sirenia (6 records), Tubulidentata (1 record), and Xenarthra (75 records).  </p> <p>   <i>Key words</i>: <i>body mass; extinct mammals; late Quaternary; macroecology; taxonomy.</i></p> </blockquote

Appendix A. Schematic diagram showing the 2×2 factorial design.

Schematic diagram showing the 2×2 factorial design