LCF Life of NiCr-Y Coated Disk Alloys After Shot Peening, Oxidation and Hot Corrosion

In a prior companion study (Ref. 1), three different Ni-Cr coating compositions (29, 35.5, 45 wt% Cr) were applied at two thicknesses by Plasma Enhanced Magnetron Sputtering (PEMS) to two similar Ni-based disk alloys. One coating also received a thin ZrO2 overcoat. The low cycle fatigue (LCF) life of each coating was determined at 760 C and was less than that of the uncoated specimens. In this followon effort, shot peening was examined as a means to improve the as-deposited coating morphology as well as impart a residual compressive stress in the near-surface region. After evaluating the effect of the shot peening on the LCF life, the effectiveness of the shot-peened coating in protecting the disk alloy from oxidation and hot corrosion attack was evaluated. This evaluation was accomplished by exposing coated and shot-peened specimens to 500 h of oxidation followed by 50 h of hot corrosion, both at 760 C in air. These exposed specimens were then tested in fatigue and compared to similarly treated and exposed uncoated specimens. For all cases, shot peening improved the LCF life of the coated specimens. More specifically, the highest Cr coating showed the best LCF life of the coated specimens after shot peening, as well as after the environmental exposures. Characterization of the coatings after shot peening, oxidation, hot corrosion and LCF testing is presented and discussed

Influence of Pacing Strategy on Oxygen Uptake During Treadmill Middle-Distance Running

The oxygen uptake (V·O2) attained during a constant speed 800-m pace trial on a treadmill is less than the maximal V·O2 (V·O2max) in male middle-distance runners with a high V·O2max (i.e., > 65 ml · kg-1 · min-1). We therefore investigated whether the V·O2 attained was influenced by the pacing strategy adopted. Eight male middle-distance runners (age 25.8 ± 3.3 years; height 1.78 ± 0.10 m; mass 67.8 ± 4.7 kg) with a personal best 800-m time of 112.0 ± 3.3 s volunteered to participate. Subjects undertook a speed ramped progressive test to determine V·O2max and three 800-m pace runs to exhaustion all in a randomised order. The three 800-m pace runs included constant speed, acceleration, and race simulation runs. Oxygen uptake was determined throughout each test using 15-s Douglas bag collections. Following the application of a 30-s rolling average, the highest V·O2 during the progressive test (i.e., V·O2max) and the highest V·O2 during the 800-m pace runs (i.e., V·O2peak) were compared. For the eight runners, V·O2max was 67.2 ± 4.3 ml · kg-1 · min-1. V·O2peak was 60.1 ± 5.1 ml · kg-1 · min-1, 61.1 ± 5.2 ml · kg-1 · min-1, and 62.2 ± 4.9 ml · kg-1 · min-1, yielding values of 89.3 ± 2.4 %, 90.8 ± 2.8 %, and 92.5 ± 3.1 % V·O2max for the constant speed, acceleration and race simulation runs, respectively. Across runs, repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant effect (p = 0.048). Trend analysis identified a significant linear trend (p = 0.025) with the % V·O2max attained being higher for the acceleration run than the constant speed run, and higher still for the race simulation run. These results demonstrate that in middle-distance runners a) pacing strategy influences the V·O2 attained, with a race simulation run elevating the V·O2 attained compared with other pacing strategies, and b) regardless of pacing strategy the V·O2 attained in an 800-m pace run on a treadmill is less than V·O2max

Influence of Pacing Strategy on Oxygen Uptake During Treadmill Middle-Distance Running

The oxygen uptake (V·O2) attained during a constant speed 800-m pace trial on a treadmill is less than the maximal V·O2 (V·O2max) in male middle-distance runners with a high V·O2max (i.e., > 65 ml · kg-1 · min-1). We therefore investigated whether the V·O2 attained was influenced by the pacing strategy adopted. Eight male middle-distance runners (age 25.8 ± 3.3 years; height 1.78 ± 0.10 m; mass 67.8 ± 4.7 kg) with a personal best 800-m time of 112.0 ± 3.3 s volunteered to participate. Subjects undertook a speed ramped progressive test to determine V·O2max and three 800-m pace runs to exhaustion all in a randomised order. The three 800-m pace runs included constant speed, acceleration, and race simulation runs. Oxygen uptake was determined throughout each test using 15-s Douglas bag collections. Following the application of a 30-s rolling average, the highest V·O2 during the progressive test (i.e., V·O2max) and the highest V·O2 during the 800-m pace runs (i.e., V·O2peak) were compared. For the eight runners, V·O2max was 67.2 ± 4.3 ml · kg-1 · min-1. V·O2peak was 60.1 ± 5.1 ml · kg-1 · min-1, 61.1 ± 5.2 ml · kg-1 · min-1, and 62.2 ± 4.9 ml · kg-1 · min-1, yielding values of 89.3 ± 2.4 %, 90.8 ± 2.8 %, and 92.5 ± 3.1 % V·O2max for the constant speed, acceleration and race simulation runs, respectively. Across runs, repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant effect (p = 0.048). Trend analysis identified a significant linear trend (p = 0.025) with the % V·O2max attained being higher for the acceleration run than the constant speed run, and higher still for the race simulation run. These results demonstrate that in middle-distance runners a) pacing strategy influences the V·O2 attained, with a race simulation run elevating the V·O2 attained compared with other pacing strategies, and b) regardless of pacing strategy the V·O2 attained in an 800-m pace run on a treadmill is less than V·O2max

VO2 Attained During Treadmill Running: The Influence of a Specialist (400-m or 800-m) Event

Purpose: Previously it has been observed that, in well-trained 800-m athletes, VO(2)max is not attained during middle-distance running events on a treadmill, even when a race-type pacing strategy is adopted. Therefore, the authors investigated whether specialization in a particular running distance (400-m or 800-m) influences the VO(2) attained during running on a treadmill. Methods: Six 400-m and six 800-m running specialists participated in the study. A 400-m trial and a progressive test to determine VO(2)max were completed in a counterbalanced order. Oxygen uptakes attained during the 400-m trial were compared to examine the influence of specialist event. Results: A VO(2) plateau was observed in all participants for the progressive test, demonstrating the attainment of VO(2)max. The VO(2)max values were 56.2 +/- 4.7 and 69.3 +/- 4.5 mL . kg(-1) min(-1) for the 400-m- and 800-m-event specialists, respectively (P = .0003). Durations for the 400-m trial were 55.1 +/- 4.2 s and 55.8 +/- 2.3 s for the 400-m- and 800-m-event specialists, respectively. The VO(2) responses achieved were 93.1% +/- 2.0% and 85.7% +/- 3.0% VO(2)max for the 400-m- and 800-m-event specialists, respectively (P = .001). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that specialist running events do appear to influence the percentage of VO(2)max achieved in the 400-m trial, with the 800-m specialists attaining a lower percentage of VO(2)max than the 400-m specialists. The 400-m specialists appear to compensate for a lower VO(2)max by attaining a higher percentage VO(2)max during a 400-m trial

Influence of test duration on oxygen uptake attained during treadmill running

Previous investigations have revealed that in well-trained middle-distance runners, oxygen uptake (VO2) does not attain maximal values (VO2max) in exhaustive treadmill trials where the VO2 demand exceeds VO2max. To date, this shortfall in the VO2 attained has been demonstrated in trials as short as 2 min in duration. In this study, we investigated whether a reduction in exhaustive test duration influences the VO2 attained during running on a treadmill. Six middle-distance runners participated in the study, completing an exhaustive 400 m and 800 m trial. These trials, together with a progressive test to determine VO2max, were completed in a counterbalanced order. Oxygen uptakes attained during the 400 m and 800 m trials were compared to examine the influence of exhaustive test duration. A plateau in VO2 was observed in all participants for the progressive test, demonstrating the attainment of VO2max. The mean speed, duration, and resulting distance in the constant-speed exhaustive trials were 25.8 km h(-1) (s=1.2), 55.8 s (s=2.3), and 400.2 m (s=20.2) for the 400 m trial, and 24.3 km h(-1) (s=0.8), 108.4 s (s=21.2), and 730.1 m (s=129.1) for the 800 m trial, respectively. A paired-samples t-test revealed a significantly different (P=0.018)%VO2max was attained for the 400 m (85.7%, s=3.0) and 800 m (89.1%, s=5.0) trials. In conclusion, VO2 did not reach VO2max during the exhaustive constant-speed 400 m and 800 m trials, but the test duration does influence the%VO2max achieved. Specifically, the VO2 attained becomes progressively further below VO2max as trial duration is reduced, such that 89% and 86% VO2max is achieved in exhaustive 800 m and 400 m constant-speed trials, respectively

Using solution history to control hydrogel properties of a perylene bisimide

pH dependence on water soluble aggregates is well-known in the field of low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs), with different aggregates sometimes having very different properties depending on their final pH. This aggregation determines their applications and performance. Here, we investigate the pH dependence of perylene bisimide gels; initially solutions are formed at a high pH and gels form as the pH is decreased. We find it is not only the final pH but also the starting pH that can impact the resulting gel. We use small angle neutron scattering (SANS), rheology, 1H NMR spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy to examine the effect of starting pH on gelation kinetics and final gel properties. Adjusting the solution from pH 9 (where there are few or no aggregates) to pH 6 results in the formation of different worm-like micelles than the ones directly formed at pH 6, leading to again gels with different mechanical properties. This work highlights the importance of controlling the pH of solutions before gelation, but also opens up more possible morphologies and therefore more properties from the same molecule

Residual Stresses in a NiCrY-Coated Powder Metallurgy Disk Superalloy

Protective ductile coatings will be necessary to mitigate oxidation and corrosion attack on superalloy disks exposed to increasing operating temperatures in some turbine engine environments. However, such coatings must be resistant to harmful surface cracking during service. The objective of this study was to investigate how residual stresses evolve in such coatings. Cylindrical gage fatigue specimens of powder metallurgy-processed disk superalloy LSHR were coated with a NiCrY coating, shot peened, and then subjected to fatigue in air at room and high temperatures. The effects of shot peening and fatigue cycling on average residual stresses and other aspects of the coating were assessed. Shot peening did induce beneficial compressive residual stresses in the coating and substrate. However, these stresses became more tensile in the coating with subsequent heating and contributed to cracking of the coating in long intervals of cycling at 760 C. Substantial compressive residual stresses remained in the substrate adjacent to the coating, sufficient to suppress fatigue cracking. The coating continued to protect the substrate from hot corrosion pitting, even after fatigue cracks initiated in the coating

Investigating multigelator systems across multiple length scales

No abstract available

On the syneresis of an OPV functionalised dipeptide hydrogel

We describe a new dipeptide hydrogel based on an oligophenylene vinylene core. After gelation, the initial network evolves, expelling solvent and resulting in syneresis. We describe this process and the effects in the bulk properties of the material