Appendix A. A color photograph of the main nesting area at the Shoup Bay Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) colony at Prince William Sound, Alaska.

A color photograph of the main nesting area at the Shoup Bay Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) colony at Prince William Sound, Alaska

Supplement 1. Resighting histories for 829 individually color-banded Black-legged Kittiwakes observed from 1991–1996 at the Shoup Bay colony, Alaska.

<h2>File List</h2><blockquote> <p><a href="capthist.txt">capthist.txt</a><br> </p> </blockquote><h2>Description</h2><blockquote> <p>The file capthist.txt contains resighting histories for 829 individually color-banded Black-legged Kittiwakes observed from 1991–1996 at the Shoup Bay colony, Alaska. Resighting histories with this format are suitable for multi-state mark-resight modeling with program MARK. </p> <p>Individual birds are identified by their right and left leg band colors according to the abbreviations below. Bands are listed in the order with which they appear from top to bottom on the tarsus. Commas separate bands, and dashes indicate that one band slipped on top of the other (in which case the bands are listed in alphabetical order). </p> -- TABLE: Please see in attached file. -- <p>Birds of known sex (F = female, M = male) are identified as is the year sex was determined. </p> <p>Capture history abbreviations are as follows:</p> <p>A = manipulated breeder (observed with eggs, eggs removed),</p> <dl> <dt>B = unmanipulated breeder (observed with eggs, eggs not removed),</dt> </dl> <p>C = nonbreeder (observed, but without eggs), and</p> <p>0 = not observed.</p> </blockquote

The niche overlap between each individual and the population.

<p>A) The 90% confidence limit for the population (black ellipse) and for individual sharks (colored ellipses). B) The distribution of the proportional similarity index, <i>w_ij</i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045068#pone.0045068-Lu1" target="_blank">[66]</a>, within the sampled population of California white sharks, which exhibits strong individuality with both specialists and generalists.</p

Summary of biological and collection data and proportional similarity index (<i>w_ij</i>) for white sharks.

<p>Abbreviations are as follows: California Academy of Sciences (CAS), Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM), G. Chan (GC), Moss Landing Marine Lab (MLML), K. Goldman (KG), S. Anderson (SA), and Long Marine Lab (LML).</p

Ontogenetic and Among-Individual Variation in Foraging Strategies of Northeast Pacific White Sharks Based on Stable Isotope Analysis

<div><p>There is growing evidence for individuality in dietary preferences and foraging behaviors within populations of various species. This is especially important for apex predators, since they can potentially have wide dietary niches and a large impact on trophic dynamics within ecosystems. We evaluate the diet of an apex predator, the white shark (<em>Carcharodon carcharias</em>), by measuring the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of vertebral growth bands to create lifetime records for 15 individuals from California. Isotopic variations in white shark diets can reflect within-region differences among prey (most importantly related to trophic level), as well as differences in baseline values among the regions in which sharks forage, and both prey and habitat preferences may shift with age. The magnitude of isotopic variation among sharks in our study (>5‰ for both elements) is too great to be explained solely by geographic differences, and so must reflect differences in prey choice that may vary with sex, size, age and location. Ontogenetic patterns in δ¹⁵N values vary considerably among individuals, and one third of the population fit each of these descriptions: 1) δ¹⁵N values increased throughout life, 2) δ¹⁵N values increased to a plateau at ∼5 years of age, and 3) δ¹⁵N values remained roughly constant values throughout life. Isotopic data for the population span more than one trophic level, and we offer a qualitative evaluation of diet using shark-specific collagen discrimination factors estimated from a 3+ year captive feeding experiment (Δ¹³C_shark-diet and Δ¹⁵N_shark-diet equal 4.2‰ and 2.5‰, respectively). We assess the degree of individuality with a proportional similarity index that distinguishes specialists and generalists. The isotopic variance is partitioned among differences between-individual (48%), within-individuals (40%), and by calendar year of sub-adulthood (12%). Our data reveal substantial ontogenetic and individual dietary variation within a white shark population.</p> </div

Average width of last 6 growth bands and average isotopic values from outer-12 mm of vertebrae from leopard sharks fed a constant diet of squid over 1250 days.

<p>Average width of last 6 growth bands and average isotopic values from outer-12 mm of vertebrae from leopard sharks fed a constant diet of squid over 1250 days.</p

Carbon and nitrogen isotope values from sub-adult to adult growth bands (≥6 years old).

<p>The colored symbols are from white sharks; open symbols represent years ≤1986 and closed symbols represent years >1986. Isotopic values for potential prey data are the grey boxes and are as follows: 1) northern elephant seal, 2) California sea lion, 3) harbor seal, 4) dolphin, 5) harbor porpoise, 6) tuna, 7) neritic fish, 8) offshore cephalopod, 9) nearshore cephalopod, 10) blue shark, 11) hammerhead shark. The mean prey isotope values were corrected for trophic enrichment (Δ¹³C = 4.2‰ and Δ¹⁵N = 2.5‰) and collagen-to-muscle (Δ¹³C = 2.0‰ and Δ¹⁵N = 0‰), if necessary (prey data and citations are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045068#pone.0045068.s002" target="_blank">File S2</a>).</p

δ¹⁵N values versus growth increment number (age) for 15 white sharks.

<p>A) Individuals modeled with a VBGF curve. B) Individuals showing a significant linearly increasing trend. C) Individuals showing no significant pattern. Average pre-parturition δ¹⁵N values (n = 3) are indicated as grey filled circles for individuals with relatively high juvenile δ¹⁵N values (>17‰).</p

Appendix A. A table summarizing annual diets (number of prey items and percentage of total) of Bald Eagles at Adak, Amchitka, Kiska, and Tanaga islands, Aleutian Archipelago, Alaska 1993–1994, 2000–2002.

A table summarizing annual diets (number of prey items and percentage of total) of Bald Eagles at Adak, Amchitka, Kiska, and Tanaga islands, Aleutian Archipelago, Alaska 1993–1994, 2000–2002

DataSheet1.XLSX

<p>For tens of thousands of years, passenger pigeons (Ectopistes migratorius) were a dominant member of eastern North American forest communities, with megaflocks comprising up to several billion individuals. The extinction of passenger pigeons in the early twentieth century undoubtedly influenced associated species and ecosystems as interactions stemming from the pigeons disappeared suddenly. Here, we strive to better understand what was probably one of the most significant of these interactions—that between passenger pigeons and seed bearing trees. Using the band-tailed pigeon (Patagioenas fasciata) and the rock dove (Columba livia) as physical and ecological proxies, we evaluated passenger pigeon dietary range and potential to disperse seeds. Our findings suggest that the passenger pigeon's dietary range, observed historically to be taxonomically broad, was constrained to certain seed sizes due to bill gape size. In addition, we conclude that the digestive process invariably destroyed consumed seeds but the potential for a nutrition/dispersal mutualism might still have existed via regurgitation and post-mortem release of crop contents. Our results highlight the range of ecological interactions that can be lost with species' extinction and the inherent challenge of understanding the consequences of those interactions.</p