Étude expérimentale de l’évolution en microcosme du chrome (VI) dans l’eau de mer et de ses effets sur la macrofaune et les bactéries indigènes de la Lagune de Bizerte (Tunisie)

La présente étude vise à comparer au laboratoire l’impact biologique du chrome hexavalent (Cr (VI)) présent dans le ciment non déchromé, et celui du chrome présent dans le ciment déchromé en considérant deux échelons trophiques de la lagune de Bizerte : les bactéries indigènes et la macrofaune représentée par la palourde Ruditapes decussatus.Dans deux types de microcosmes, l’un contenant de l’eau de mer seulement et l’autre contenant de l’eau de mer et du sédiment, la palourde européenne Ruditapes decussatus a été introduite à raison de 20 individus par aquarium. Quatre types d’aquarium ont été mis en place : un témoin (T), un aquarium contaminé par du ciment non déchromé (0,16 mg•L-1 de Cr (VI)), un contaminé par du ciment déchromé (0,05 mg•L-1 de Cr (VI)) et un contaminé par le dichromate de potassium (0,16 mg•L-1 de Cr (VI)). Deux replicats ont été réalisés pour chaque type de microcosme.La concentration du Cr (VI) dans l’eau a été mesurée par un dosage colorimétrique au début et après 96 heures d’expérimentation. La quantification des bactéries hétérotrophes a été évaluée par la méthode du Nombre le Plus Probable.Environ 80 % de la quantité du Cr (VI) présente dans le milieu ont été piégés dans les sédiments. Les ciments déchromés et non déchromés ont provoqué 100 % de mortalité chez les palourdes au bout de trois jours. Cependant, il n’a été observé que 40 % de mortalité dans le microcosme contaminé par le K2Cr2O7. Une diminution de la charge bactérienne totale a été observée au niveau des sédiments pour tous les traitements.On peut dire que la présence du sédiment a entraîné la diminution de la teneur du Cr (VI) dans l’eau et que malgré le déchromage du ciment, les deux types de ciment présentent un effet négatif sur les palourdes et les bactéries indigènes qui est plus marqué pour le ciment non déchromé.This laboratory study aimed to compare the biological impact of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) present in chromium-containing treated cement and in chromium-free treated cement, by considering two trophic levels: the indigenous bacteria and macrofauna represented by the clam Ruditapes decussatus.In both types of microcosms, one containing only seawater and the other containing seawater and sediment, European clams Ruditapes decussatus were introduced at a density of 20 individuals per aquarium. Four types of aquariums were used: control (T), contaminated with non-dechromated cement (0.16 mg•L-1 of Cr (VI)), contaminated with dechromated cement (0.05 mg•L-1 of Cr (VI)), and one contaminated with potassium dichromate (0.16 mg•L-1 of Cr (VI)). Two replicates were performed for each type of microcosm. The Cr (VI) content of the water was determined with a colorimetric assay at the beginning of the experiment and after 96 h. The quantification of heterotrophic bacteria was performed by the Most Probable Number method.About 80% of the Cr (VI) present in the sediment-water aquarium was trapped in the sediment. Cement, non-dechromated and dechromated, caused 100% clam mortality after three days. However, only 40% clam mortality was observed in aquariums contaminated with K2Cr2O7. A decrease in total bacterial load was observed in the sediment for all treatments.We conclude that the presence of sediment in the aquariums led to a reduction of the Cr (VI) concentration in the overlying water, and that despite the chromium removal treatment effected on one of the cements, both types of cement had a negative impact on clams and indigenous bacteria, the impact being stronger for chromium-containing treated cement

Impact of heavy metals of industrial plant wastewater on benthic communities of Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia)

The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of human impact on the characteristics of sediments heavy metal concentration, grain size and its influence on the structure of the microbial and meiofaunal community assemblages. A survey was carried out in July 2013 within six sites located in the Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia), both downstream and upstream of industrial effluents. The highest total sediment metal concentrations were detected in stations located close to the industrial sewage discharge points. In these stations, the lowest densities of the total meiofauna (33 +/- 13 ind/10 cm(-2)) and conversely the highest densities of cultivable bacteria that are heavy metal resistant have been reported (16 +/- 80.34 CFU g(-1)). Univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (MDS/CCA) analyses demonstrate high dissimilarity (0.06) in meiofaunal and bacterial community structures between downstream and upstream industrial sewages. Furthermore, canonical correspondence analysis CCA results indicated that heavy metal sediment contamination promoted bacteria that are resistant to heavy metals, while heterotrophic bacteria supported the development of meiofauna taxa. The results highlight the importance of bacteria/meiofauna interactions, as both meiofaunal and microbial communities give indications of the ecological impact of heavy metal contamination in sediment.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital with and without respiratory symptoms

Background: COVID-19 is primarily known as a respiratory illness; however, many patients present to hospital without respiratory symptoms. The association between non-respiratory presentations of COVID-19 and outcomes remains unclear. We investigated risk factors and clinical outcomes in patients with no respiratory symptoms (NRS) and respiratory symptoms (RS) at hospital admission. Methods: This study describes clinical features, physiological parameters, and outcomes of hospitalised COVID-19 patients, stratified by the presence or absence of respiratory symptoms at hospital admission. RS patients had one or more of: cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, runny nose or wheezing; while NRS patients did not. Results: Of 178,640 patients in the study, 86.4 % presented with RS, while 13.6 % had NRS. NRS patients were older (median age: NRS: 74 vs RS: 65) and less likely to be admitted to the ICU (NRS: 36.7 % vs RS: 37.5 %). NRS patients had a higher crude in-hospital case-fatality ratio (NRS 41.1 % vs. RS 32.0 %), but a lower risk of death after adjusting for confounders (HR 0.88 [0.83-0.93]). Conclusion: Approximately one in seven COVID-19 patients presented at hospital admission without respiratory symptoms. These patients were older, had lower ICU admission rates, and had a lower risk of in-hospital mortality after adjusting for confounders