Local information pattern descriptor for corneal diseases diagnosis

Light penetrates the human eye through the cornea, which is the outer part of the eye, and then the cornea directs it to the pupil to determine the amount of light that reaches the lens of the eye. Accordingly, the human cornea must not be exposed to any damage or disease that may lead to human vision disturbances. Such damages can be revealed by topographic images used by ophthalmologists. Consequently, an important priority is the early and accurate diagnosis of diseases that may affect corneal integrity through the use of machine learning algorithms, particularly, use of local feature extractions for the image. Accordingly, we suggest a new algorithm called local information pattern (LIP) descriptor to overcome the lack of local binary patterns that loss of information from the image and solve the problem of image rotation. The LIP based on utilizing the sub-image center intensity for estimating neighbors' weights that can use to calculate what so-called contrast based centre (CBC). On the other hand, calculating local pattern (LP) for each block image, to distinguish between two sub-images having the same CBC. LP is the sum of transitions of neighbors' weights, from sub-image center value to one and vice versa. Finally, creating histograms for both CBC and LP, then blending them to represent a robust local feature vector. Which can use for diagnosing, detecting

Human gait recognition using preprocessing and classification techniques

Biometric recognition systems have been attracted numerous researchers since they attempt to overcome the problems and factors weakening these systems including problems of obtaining images indeed not appearing the resolution or the object completely. In this work, the object movement reliance was considered to distinguish the human through his/her gait. Some losing features probably weaken the system’s capability in recognizing the people, hence, we propose using all data recorded by the Kinect sensor with no employing the feature extraction methods based on the literature. In these studies, coordinates of 20 points are recorded for each person in various genders and ages, walking with various directions and speeds, creating 8404 constraints. Moreover, pre-processing methods are utilized to measure its influences on the system efficiency through testing on six types of classifiers. Within the proposed approach, a noteworthy recognition rate was obtained reaching 91% without examining the descriptors

Kornea hastalıklarında klinik kararı geliştirmek için topografik parametrelere dayalı bilgisayar destekli tanı

Computer-Aided Diagnosis is an essential topic in the medical image. it is a sophisticated procedure in medicine that assists physicians in the interpretation of medical images. A Human cornea is the front see-through shield of the eye. It refracts light onto the retina to induce vision. Therefore, any defect in the cornea may lead to vision disturbance. This deficiency is estimated by sets of topographical images measured and assessed by ophthalmologists. Consequently, an important priority is the early and accurate diagnosis of diseases that may affect corneal integrity through the use of machine learning algorithms. Corneal images produced by a Pentacam device can be subjected to rotation or some distortion during acquisition; therefore, accurate diagnosis requires the use of local features in the image. Accordingly, new algorithms proposed in this work to overcome these challenges and improve cornel conditions diagnosing. Firstly, a SWFT algorithm suggested to extract the local features from the corneal images. Wavelet transform used to produce images with different scales instead of using the Difference of Gaussians (DoG) as in the standard SIFT algorithm. Secondly, IG-GLCM algorithm proposed to overcome the drawback of GLCM algorithm known as a time-consuming defect. In IG-GLCM the image gradient is measured in different directions then apply the GLCM to generated images. Thirdly, investigate the use of SIFT with multi-scale subbands of wavelet transform. Finally, new algorithm called Local Information Pattern descriptor suggested to overcome the lack of local binary patterns that loss of information from the image and solve image rotation issue. The LIP based on utilizing the sub-image center intensity for estimating neighbors' weights that can use to calculate what so-called contrast Based Centre (CBC) value, as well as local pattern (LP). The Naive Bayes, KNN, decision tree, and SVM employed as classifiers. The proposed model is trained and tested successfully on a collected dataset which comprises 4848 images of different maps.Bilgisayar Destekli Tanı, tıbbi görüntüde önemli bir konudur. tıpta hekimlere tıbbi görüntülerin yorumlanmasında yardımcı olan sofistike bir prosedürdür. İnsan korneası, gözün önden şeffaf siperi. Görmeyi tetiklemek için ışığı retinaya yansıtır. Bu nedenle korneadaki herhangi bir kusur görme bozukluğuna neden olabilir. Bu eksiklik, oftalmologlar tarafından ölçülen ve değerlendirilen bir dizi topografik görüntü ile tahmin edilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, önemli bir öncelik, makine öğrenme algoritmaları kullanılarak kornea bütünlüğünü etkileyebilecek hastalıkların erken ve doğru teşhisidir. Bir Pentacam cihazı tarafından üretilen kornea görüntüleri, edinim sırasında rotasyona veya bazı bozulmalara maruz kalabilir; bu nedenle, doğru teşhis, görüntüdeki yerel özelliklerin kullanılmasını gerektirir. Buna göre, bu zorlukların üstesinden gelmek ve cornel koşullarını teşhis etmeyi iyileştirmek için bu çalışmada önerilen yeni algoritmalar. İlk olarak, kornea görüntülerinden yerel özelliklerin çıkarılması için bir SWFT algoritması önerildi. Dalgacık dönüşümü, standart SIFT algoritmasında olduğu gibi Gauss Farkı (DoG) kullanmak yerine farklı ölçeklerde görüntüler üretmek için kullanılır. İkinci olarak, IG-GLCM algoritması, zaman alıcı bir kusur olarak bilinen GLCM algoritmasının dezavantajının üstesinden gelmeyi önerdi. IG-GLCM'de görüntü gradyanı farklı yönlerde ölçülür ve ardından GLCM'yi oluşturulan görüntülere uygular. Üçüncü olarak, SIFT'in dalgacık dönüşümünün çok ölçekli alt bantları ile kullanımını araştırın. Son olarak, Yerel Bilgi Modeli tanımlayıcısı adlı yeni algoritma, görüntüden bilgi kaybına neden olan yerel ikili model eksikliğinin üstesinden gelmeyi ve görüntü döndürme sorununu çözmeyi önerdi. LIP, hangi sözde kontrast Tabanlı Merkez (CBC) değerinin yanı sıra yerel paterni (LP) hesaplamak için kullanabilen komşuların ağırlıklarını tahmin etmek için alt görüntü merkez yoğunluğunu kullanmaya dayanır. Naive Bayes, KNN, karar ağacı ve SVM sınıflandırıcılar olarak kullanıldı. Önerilen model, farklı haritaların 4848 görüntüsünden oluşan toplanmış bir veri kümesi üzerinde eğitilmiş ve başarıyla test edilmiştir

Machine learning techniques for corneal diseases diagnosis: A survey

*Jameel, Samer Kais ( Aksaray, Yazar )Machine learning techniques become more related to medical researches by using medical images as a dataset. It is categorized and analyzed for ultimate effectiveness in diagnosis or decision-making for diseases. Machine learning techniques have been exploited in numerous researches related to corneal diseases, contribution to ophthalmologists for diagnosing the diseases and comprehending the way automated learning techniques act. Nevertheless, confusion still exists in the type of data used, whether it is images, data extracted from images or clinical data, the course reliant on the type of device for obtaining them. In this study, the researches that used machine learning were reviewed and classified in terms of the kind of utilized machine for capturing data, along with the latest updates in sophisticated approaches for corneal disease diagnostic techniques

Exploiting the Generative Adversarial Network Approach to Create a Synthetic Topography Corneal Image

Corneal diseases are the most common eye disorders. Deep learning techniques are used to perform automated diagnoses of cornea. Deep learning networks require large-scale annotated datasets, which is conceded as a weakness of deep learning. In this work, a method for synthesizing medical images using conditional generative adversarial networks (CGANs), is presented. It also illustrates how produced medical images may be utilized to enrich medical data, improve clinical decisions, and boost the performance of the conventional neural network (CNN) for medical image diagnosis. The study includes using corneal topography captured using a Pentacam device from patients with corneal diseases. The dataset contained 3448 different corneal images. Furthermore, it shows how an unbalanced dataset affects the performance of classifiers, where the data are balanced using the resampling approach. Finally, the results obtained from CNN networks trained on the balanced dataset are compared to those obtained from CNN networks trained on the imbalanced dataset. For performance, the system estimated the diagnosis accuracy, precision, and F1-score metrics. Lastly, some generated images were shown to an expert for evaluation and to see how well experts could identify the type of image and its condition. The expert recognized the image as useful for medical diagnosis and for determining the severity class according to the shape and values, by generating images based on real cases that could be used as new different stages of illness between healthy and unhealthy patients

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population