Charcoal Supply In Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania

In Tanzania, charcoal is the primary source of energy particularly in urban areas. Dar es Salaam, being the largest urban center in the country, is also the largest consumer of charcoal. Assuming that all charcoal transported in the city is consumed, an investigation to estimate the amount of charcoal supplied daily was undertaken through monitoring at checkpoints the amount of charcoal transported daily to the city of Dar es Salaam. The study reveals that on average about 6,000 bags of charcoal are transported daily to the city. The figure may be an underestimation by four fold as most charcoal enters the city unrecorded. The highest amount of charcoal comes from North-West (34 %) and South (31 %) of Dar es Salaam. Open trucks transport the highest amount of charcoal (88 %) into the city. However, bicycles are the most frequent means of charcoal transportation constituting on average about 64 % of all individuals engaged daily in charcoal transportation. Though there are some new vehicles, the greatest percentage of vehicles involved in charcoal transportation are old (mainly registered in the 1980's). Most of the charcoal is transported during morning hours (56 %). Most of the charcoal transported to the city is for commercial use. The revenues from charcoal transportation taxes contribute a significant amount of money to both Local and Central Governments. If properly collected and used, they can effectively contribute to the development of the country and sustainable management of the catchment areas for charcoal. TJFNC Vol. 75 2004: pp. 108-11

The dynamics of population, land scarcity, agriculture and non-agricultural activities: West Usambara mountains, Lushoto District, Tanzania

This report presents the findings of research conducted between December 1996 and December 1997 in two villages, Kweminyasa and Lukozi, in Lushoto District, Tanzania, and comprising a general broad survey of individuals to determine the pattern of nonagricultural activities over time, a survey of existing nonagricultural enterprises, a survey of Standard Seven schoolchildren's career expectations and attitudes towards work, and an in-depth survey of career patterns of different generations within selected households. The study found a growing incidence of engagement in nonfarm activities beginning in the 1980s, especially as land became scarcer and returns from agriculture stagnated, increasing outmigration of the youthful male population to other districts in the lowlands and urban areas, and declining circular migration to such large towns as Dar es Salaam, Tanga, Moshi and Arusha.</p

The dynamics of population, land scarcity, agriculture and non-agricultural activities: West Usambara mountains, Lushoto District, Tanzania

This report presents the findings of research conducted between December 1996 and December 1997 in two villages, Kweminyasa and Lukozi, in Lushoto District, Tanzania, and comprising a general broad survey of individuals to determine the pattern of nonagricultural activities over time, a survey of existing nonagricultural enterprises, a survey of Standard Seven schoolchildren's career expectations and attitudes towards work, and an in-depth survey of career patterns of different generations within selected households. The study found a growing incidence of engagement in nonfarm activities beginning in the 1980s, especially as land became scarcer and returns from agriculture stagnated, increasing outmigration of the youthful male population to other districts in the lowlands and urban areas, and declining circular migration to such large towns as Dar es Salaam, Tanga, Moshi and Arusha.ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde

Impact of charcoal extraction to the forest resources of Tanzania: The case of Kitulangalo area, Tanzania

CHAPOSA - Impact of Charcoal Extraction to the Forest Resources of Tanzania Faculty of Forestry & Nature Conservation Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Geography University of Dar es SalaamResearch is being undertaken to expand the knowledge about the biomass potential for supplying charcoal to urban centres and find workable policy tools that will enable sustainable production and use of charcoal in the medium term perspective. The project, CHAPOSA (Charcoal Potential in Southern Africa) focuses on the dynamics of charcoal production in supply areas (mainly woodlands) and its consumption in three major cities: Lusaka, Zambia, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Maputo, Mozambique. The three year research project is funded by European Union (EU) and co-ordinated by Stockhom Environmental Institute (SEI). In each of the three partner countries, socio-economic and ecological aspects of charcoal are being studied in the supply areas and charcoal consumption and market forces studies are being undertaken in the cities. Preliminary results on the supply side are presented for Tanzania in this paper. At Kitulangalo one of the charcoal supplying areas in Tanzania, an average charcoal making household produce 43 bags of charcoal per month, charcoal is sold at kiln site at Tshs. 1,000/= per bag. The household realizes an income of Tshs. 43,000/= per month. This income is above the minimum salary rates paid currently to government workers and hence attracts more people to join the business. There are 7 trees of about 10 cm dhb for every 22 bags of about 50 kg of charcoal produced from this area. The mean charcoal kiln efficiency of 23.5% was found. Preferred tree species for charcoal includes, Julbernadia globiflora, Brachystegia boehmii, Tamarindus indica, Acacia nigresces, Acacia gerrardii, Acacia nilotica, Combretum adenogonium, Combretum molle, Combretum zeyheri, Boscia salicifolia, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Terminanalia mollis, Pteleopsis myrtifolia,Combretum collinum, Diospyros kirkii, Xeroderris stuhrmanii, Mimusops kummel, Albizia harvey, Acacia goetzei subsp. Goetzei, Lonchocarpus capassa and Mhungilo. Standing wood volume and basal area of these species are lower in public lands compared to forest reserves while stem numbers shows a reversed trend suggesting regeneration of these species in public lands. The public lands at roadside are dominated by large trees of Acacia polyacantha, a pioneer tree species which is not preferred for charcoal making due to its hooked thorns and lighter charcoal which breaks easily during transportation. An average stand growth rate of 2.3 m3ha-1year-1 has been recorded for the re-growth miombo woodland at Kitulangalo

Socio-economics of charcoal extraction in Tanzania: A case of eastern part of Tanzania.

CHAPOSA – Socio-Economics of Charcoal Extraction in TanzaniaA socio-economic study was conducted in 1999 in the eastern part of Tanzania covering woodlands in charcoal potential areas of Kitulangalo,Mbwewe and Bana which lie in the miombo woodlands. The purpose of the study was to assess socio-economic factors related to charcoal extraction in the study area. Data were collected by a household survey using structured questionnaire, interviews, focussed discussions and participant observation. Results show that there have been substantial immigration of people into charcoal potential areas in search for employment by engaging in charcoal extraction. Most of these people are from distant ethnic groups who have been retrenched in urban centres and in consequence have decided to settle in these areas. Even indigenous inhabitants who have been stricken by poverty and thus have low income and limited access to alternative energy sources have been forced to find refuge in charcoal extraction for employment and income. Thus poverty seems to be the prominent factor compelling people to engage in charcoal extraction. Most of the charcoal is locally and extracted by traditional often inefficient earth-kilns using simple implements and household labour. Urban –based charcoal dealers are the main buyers and sometimes employ local people to produce charcoal for them for sale in urban centres. There is a lucrative charcoal trade between producers and urban traders rendering the often regarded minor forest product a source of livelihood and income to many people. The huge number of preferred species available in the area and many producers has made the price of charcoal relatively low to the disadvantage of producers. There is also an apparent undervaluation of charcoal hence its relative cheaper price, coupled with availability and reliable supply charcoal has been rendered a more affordable source of energy. It is concluded that with the burgeoning population, demand for charcoal will continue to rise under conditions of declining income. These factors will compel more people to extract more charcoal from dwindling woodlands. Thus as more people will engage in charcoal extraction for sale, strains on the woodlands will rise and result in further depletion of the resource base due to increasing deforestation. Intervention measures to improve efficiency in charcoal extraction are crucial. Also sustainable forest management practices involving communities need to be introduced. Furthermore affordable alternative energy sources need to be solicited

Socio-economics of charcoal extraction in Tanzania: A case of eastern part of Tanzania.

CHAPOSA – Socio-Economics of Charcoal Extraction in TanzaniaA socio-economic study was conducted in 1999 in the eastern part of Tanzania covering woodlands in charcoal potential areas of Kitulangalo,Mbwewe and Bana which lie in the miombo woodlands. The purpose of the study was to assess socio-economic factors related to charcoal extraction in the study area. Data were collected by a household survey using structured questionnaire, interviews, focussed discussions and participant observation. Results show that there have been substantial immigration of people into charcoal potential areas in search for employment by engaging in charcoal extraction. Most of these people are from distant ethnic groups who have been retrenched in urban centres and in consequence have decided to settle in these areas. Even indigenous inhabitants who have been stricken by poverty and thus have low income and limited access to alternative energy sources have been forced to find refuge in charcoal extraction for employment and income. Thus poverty seems to be the prominent factor compelling people to engage in charcoal extraction. Most of the charcoal is locally and extracted by traditional often inefficient earth-kilns using simple implements and household labour. Urban –based charcoal dealers are the main buyers and sometimes employ local people to produce charcoal for them for sale in urban centres. There is a lucrative charcoal trade between producers and urban traders rendering the often regarded minor forest product a source of livelihood and income to many people. The huge number of preferred species available in the area and many producers has made the price of charcoal relatively low to the disadvantage of producers. There is also an apparent undervaluation of charcoal hence its relative cheaper price, coupled with availability and reliable supply charcoal has been rendered a more affordable source of energy. It is concluded that with the burgeoning population, demand for charcoal will continue to rise under conditions of declining income. These factors will compel more people to extract more charcoal from dwindling woodlands. Thus as more people will engage in charcoal extraction for sale, strains on the woodlands will rise and result in further depletion of the resource base due to increasing deforestation. Intervention measures to improve efficiency in charcoal extraction are crucial. Also sustainable forest management practices involving communities need to be introduced. Furthermore affordable alternative energy sources need to be solicited

Land Cover Dynamics As A Result Of Charcoal Production: Use Of Remote Sensing And Gis

Charcoal is the most important energy source for middle and low-income people in many African cities. Its consumption shows no sign of decrease for the reasons of cost, convenience and availability. The use of charcoal, however, has been blamed for deforestation and degradation of natural forests and woodlands. To increase the understanding of the effects of charcoal use in three countries in Southern Africa: Tanzania, Zambia, and Mozambique, a collaborative project, CHAPOSA (Charcoal Potential in Southern Africa), was conducted. One of the project objectives was to assess the extent of environmental degradation due to charcoal production and to identify indicators that can quantify and locate such degradation. To meet this objective, an integration of remote sensing, using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, and Geographical Information System (GIS) tools was used to quantify and locate land cover changes, particularly degradation and regeneration of woodlands that had occurred in the study area between 1991 and 1998. The results reveal that, in the study period, much of the closed woodland has been converted to either open woodland or other cover types including agricultural farms. However, in some locations regeneration of woodlands has been observed. This precludes the presumption that cutting down trees for charcoal production must result in irreversible degradation. Given the fact that charcoal is and will remain, at least in a foreseeable future, the main domestic energy source, sustainable use of the woodland coupled with more use of other energy sources seems to be our best strategy if we want to sustain the remaining woodland. TJFNC Vol. 76 2007: pp. 67-7