Microbiota changes associated with ADNP deficiencies: rapid indicators for NAP (CP201) treatment of the ADNP syndrome and beyond

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) and its protein snippet NAP (drug candidate CP201) regulate synapse formation and cognitive as well as behavioral functions, in part, through microtubule interaction. Given potential interactions between the microbiome and brain function, we now investigated the potential effects of the ADNP-deficient genotype, mimicking the ADNP syndrome on microbiota composition in the Adnp+/- mouse model. We have discovered a surprising robust sexually dichotomized Adnp genotype effect and correction by NAP (CP201) as follows. Most of the commensal bacterial microbiota tested were affected by the Adnp genotype and corrected by NAP treatment in a male sex-dependent manner. The following list includes all the bacterial groups tested-labeled in bold are male Adnp-genotype increased and corrected (decreased) by NAP. (1) Eubacteriaceae (EubV3), (2) Enterobacteriaceae (Entero), (3) Enterococcus genus (gEncocc), (4) Lactobacillus group (Lacto), (5) Bifidobacterium genus (BIF), (6) Bacteroides/Prevotella species (Bac), (7) Clostridium coccoides group (Coer), (8) Clostridium leptum group (Cluster IV, sgClep), and (9) Mouse intestinal Bacteroides (MIB). No similarities were found between males and females regarding sex- and genotype-dependent microbiota distributions. Furthermore, a female Adnp+/- genotype associated decrease (contrasting male increase) was observed in the Lactobacillus group (Lacto). Significant correlations were discovered between specific bacterial group loads and open-field behavior as well as social recognition behaviors. In summary, we discovered ADNP deficiency associated changes in commensal gut microbiota compositions, a sex-dependent biomarker for the ADNP syndrome and beyond. Strikingly, we discovered rapidly detected NAP (CP201) treatment-dependent biomarkers within the gut microbiota

A multi-lab experimental assessment reveals that replicability can be improved by using empirical estimates of genotype-by-lab interaction.

The utility of mouse and rat studies critically depends on their replicability in other laboratories. A widely advocated approach to improving replicability is through the rigorous control of predefined animal or experimental conditions, known as standardization. However, this approach limits the generalizability of the findings to only to the standardized conditions and is a potential cause rather than solution to what has been called a replicability crisis. Alternative strategies include estimating the heterogeneity of effects across laboratories, either through designs that vary testing conditions, or by direct statistical analysis of laboratory variation. We previously evaluated our statistical approach for estimating the interlaboratory replicability of a single laboratory discovery. Those results, however, were from a well-coordinated, multi-lab phenotyping study and did not extend to the more realistic setting in which laboratories are operating independently of each other. Here, we sought to test our statistical approach as a realistic prospective experiment, in mice, using 152 results from 5 independent published studies deposited in the Mouse Phenome Database (MPD). In independent replication experiments at 3 laboratories, we found that 53 of the results were replicable, so the other 99 were considered non-replicable. Of the 99 non-replicable results, 59 were statistically significant (at 0.05) in their original single-lab analysis, putting the probability that a single-lab statistical discovery was made even though it is non-replicable, at 59.6%. We then introduced the dimensionless Genotype-by-Laboratory (GxL) factor-the ratio between the standard deviations of the GxL interaction and the standard deviation within groups. Using the GxL factor reduced the number of single-lab statistical discoveries and alongside reduced the probability of a non-replicable result to be discovered in the single lab to 12.1%. Such reduction naturally leads to reduced power to make replicable discoveries, but this reduction was small (from 87% to 66%), indicating the small price paid for the large improvement in replicability. Tools and data needed for the above GxL adjustment are publicly available at the MPD and will become increasingly useful as the range of assays and testing conditions in this resource increases

Age and Sex-Dependent ADNP Regulation of Muscle Gene Expression Is Correlated with Motor Behavior: Possible Feedback Mechanism with PACAP

The activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), a double-edged sword, sex-dependently regulates multiple genes and was previously associated with the control of early muscle development and aging. Here we aimed to decipher the involvement of ADNP in versatile muscle gene expression patterns in correlation with motor function throughout life. Using quantitative RT-PCR we showed that Adnp+/− heterozygous deficiency in mice resulted in aberrant gastrocnemius (GC) muscle, tongue and bladder gene expression, which was corrected by the Adnp snippet, drug candidate, NAP (CP201). A significant sexual dichotomy was discovered, coupled to muscle and age-specific gene regulation. As such, Adnp was shown to regulate myosin light chain (Myl) in the gastrocnemius (GC) muscle, the language acquisition gene forkhead box protein P2 (Foxp2) in the tongue and the pituitary-adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor PAC1 mRNA (Adcyap1r1) in the bladder, with PACAP linked to bladder function. A tight age regulation was observed, coupled to an extensive correlation to muscle function (gait analysis), placing ADNP as a muscle-regulating gene/protein

Feasibility and Effectiveness of Personalized Amygdala-related Neurofeedback for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by excessive emotion reactivity and diminished emotion regulation, corresponding to hyperactive amygdala and hypoactive ventro-medial pre-frontal cortex (vmPFC). Non-specific targeting of these process abnormalities might explain the currently moderate efficacy of therapeutic interventions in PTSD. This study introduces a randomized controlled trial (NCT02544971) with a neurofeedback (NF) intervention for PTSD patients, aimed at down-regulating amygdala activity. To target a disorder-specific process we applied individually-tailored trauma-related content as the learning feedback, allowing for personalized process-based NF. The effect of trauma content (Trauma-NF) was evaluated in comparison to a neutral feedback condition (Neutral-NF) and the intervention effect was controlled for by a No-NF condition. To scale-up applicability, neural activity was probed by an fMRI-inspired EEG model of the amygdala; Amygdala Electrical Finger Print (AmygEFP). All PTSD patients were assessed before and after treatment for clinical severity (primary: CAPS-5 and PCL) and neural-target engagement through amygdala fMRI-NF session. Results showed that patients in the treatment arm learned to volitionally down-regulate their AmygEFP signal and demonstrated reduction in PTSD symptoms, compared to the No-NF arm. Intriguingly, NF with personalized trauma interface presented the steepest NF learning over sessions and the largest clinical improvement (NNT=2.7). Superior down-regulation of amygdala BOLD signal during fMRI-NF following the intervention in the treatment arm, compared to No-NF, supported target engagement. These results demonstrate the potential of integrating self-neuromodulation with disorder-specific content to enhance clinical efficacy and specificity, and further establishes the AmygEFP as a mechanism-driven scalable NF intervention for PTSD

Addressing reproducibility in single-laboratory phenotyping experiments [Supplementary Materials]

<div><p>There has been a growing concern that preclinical research is failing to replicate experimental results. The problem is especially relevant to phenotyping genetically engineered mouse lines, a central strategy for discovering mammalian gene function and developing animal models of disease. We introduce a statistical method to estimate whether a single-laboratory discovery is likely to replicate in other laboratories, based on previously-estimated variability of genotype × laboratory interaction in large phenotyping databases. Future single-lab experiments can be used to further update the estimation, making the proposed method a true community effort. We validate the method by combining several datasets into the most inclusive analysis conducted to date of across-laboratory replication in mouse phenotyping, and estimate that with current single laboratory analysis 19%–41% of non-replicable phenotypic differences between genotypes are still published as “discoveries”. Applying our proposed method would reduce this rate to 3.3%–9%, close to the intended 0.05, both for testing and confidence intervals.  </p></div><div>This fileset includes the analysis results, the R and Sweave scripts to reproduce them, the input datasets, output tables with the estimated variances, the phenotypic measures transformations  and the paper figure's source data.</div

Amygdala electrical-finger-print (AmygEFP) NeuroFeedback guided by individually-tailored Trauma script for post-traumatic stress disorder: Proof-of-concept.

Amygdala activity dysregulation plays a central role in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Hence learning to self-regulate one's amygdala activity may facilitate recovery. PTSD is further characterized by abnormal contextual processing related to the traumatic memory. Therefore, provoking the personal traumatic narrative while training amygdala down-regulation could enhance clinical efficacy. We report the results of a randomized controlled trial (NCT02544971) of a novel self-neuromodulation procedure (i.e. NeuroFeedback) for PTSD, aimed at down-regulating limbic activity while receiving feedback from an auditory script of a personal traumatic narrative. To scale-up applicability, neural activity was probed by an fMRI-informed EEG model of amygdala activity, termed Amygdala Electrical Finger-Print (AmygEFP).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe