M2U-net: Effective and efficient retinal vessel segmentation for real-world applications

In this paper, we present a novel neural network architecture for retinal vessel segmentation that improves over the state of the art on two benchmark datasets, is the first to run in real time on high resolution images, and its small memory and processing requirements make it deployable in mobile and embedded systems. The M2U-Net has a new encoder-decoder architecture that is inspired by the U-Net. It adds pretrained components of MobileNetV2 in the encoder part and novel contractive bottleneck blocks in the decoder part that, combined with bilinear upsampling, drastically reduce the parameter count to 0.55M compared to 31.03M in the original U-Net. We have evaluated its performance against a wide body of previously published results on three public datasets. On two of them, the M2U-Net achieves new state-of-the-art performance by a considerable margin. When implemented on a GPU, our method is the first to achieve real-time inference speeds on high-resolution fundus images. We also implemented our proposed network on an ARM-based embedded system where it segments images in between 0.6 and 15 sec, depending on the resolution. Thus, the M2U-Net enables a number of applications of retinal vessel structure extraction, such as early diagnosis of eye diseases, retinal biometric authentication systems, and robot assisted microsurgery

Systematic transcriptome wide analysis of lncRNA-miRNA interactions

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a recently discovered class of non-protein coding RNAs which have now increasingly been shown to be involved in a wide variety of biological processes as regulatory molecules. Little is known regarding the regulatory interactions between noncoding RNA classes. Recent reports have suggested that lncRNAs could potentially interact with other noncoding RNAs including miroRNAs (miRNAs) and modulate their regulatory role through interactions. We hypothesized that long noncoding RNAs could participate as a layer of regulatory interactions with miRNAs. The availability of genome-scale datasets for argonaute targets across human transcriptome has prompted us to reconstruct a genome-scale network of interactions between miRNAs and lncRNAs. We used well characterized experimental Photoactivatable-Ribonucleoside-Enhanced Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) datasets and the recent genome-wide annotations for lncRNAs in public domain to construct a comprehensive transcriptome-wide map of miRNA regulatory elements. Comparative analysis revealed many of the miRNAs could target long noncoding RNAs, apart from the coding transcripts thus participating in a novel layer of regulatory interactions between noncoding RNA classes. We also find the miRNA regulatory elements have a positional preference, clustering towards the 3' and 5' ends of the long noncoding transcripts. We also further reconstruct a genome-wide map of miRNA interactions with lncRNAs as well as messenger RNAs. This analysis suggests widespread regulatory interactions between noncoding RNAs classes and suggests a novel functional role for lncRNAs. We also present the first transcriptome scale study on lncRNA-miRNA interactions and the first report of a genome-scale reconstruction of a noncoding RNA regulatory interactome involving lncRNAs

Ab initio prediction of magnetically dead layers in freestanding γ\gamma-Ce(111)

It is well known that the surface of nonmagnetic $\alpha$-Ce is magnetically ordered, i.e., $\gamma$-like. One then might conjecture, in agreement with previous theoretical predictions, that the $\gamma$-Ce may also exhibit at its surfaces even more strongly enhanced $\gamma$-like magnetic ordering. Nonetheless, our result shows that the (111)-surfaces of magnetic $\gamma$-Ce are neither spin nor orbitally polarized, i.e., $\alpha$-like. Therefore, we predict, in contrast to the nonmagnetic $\alpha$-phase which tends to produce magnetically ordered $\gamma$-like thin layers at its free surfaces, the magnetic $\gamma$-phase has a tendency to form $\alpha$-like dead layers. This study, which explains the suppressed (promoted) surface magnetic moments of $\gamma$-Ce ($\alpha$-Ce), shows that how nanoscale can reverse physical properties by going from bulk to the surface in isostructural $\alpha$- and $\gamma$-phases of cerium. We predict using our freestanding surface results that a typical unreactive and non-diffusive substrate can dramatically influence the magnetic surface of cerium thin films in contrast to most of the uncorrelated thin films and strongly correlated transition metals. Our result implies that magnetic surface moments of $\alpha$-Ce(111) can be suddenly disappeared by increasing lattice mismatch at the interface of a typical unreactive and non-diffusive substrate with cerium overlayers.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

Attenuating Consumer Reactance to Threatening Messages: The Moderating Role of Construal Level

While many persuasive communications tend to be perceived as increasing consumer choice, others, such as public service announcements, more or less forcefully restrict that choice. This research examines the effects of threats to freedom on receptivity to message information, as a function of the level of construal at which the message is processed. The findings indicate that consumers are more open to high threat message information at high (vs. low) levels of construal, and this pattern holds when construal level is manipulated via message wording (study one) or is non-consciously primed prior to message exposure (study two). Also, the results point to the level of detail at which the message is considered, and the resulting use of persuasion knowledge, as the underlying reason for this pattern of results (study three). Specifically, at high levels of detail (i.e. low construal) there is a greater use of persuasion knowledge and lower information receptivity in face of high threat to freedom messages. At low level of detail (high construal), by contrast, persuasion knowledge use is lower and receptivity to information in freedom threatening messages higher