The rising fear of terrorism and the emergence of a European security governance space: citizen perceptions and EU counterterrorism cooperation

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Spectator Interest in Attending Future Danish Men’s National Soccer Team Matches: A Study of Demand

Accepted for publication in https://fitpublishing.com/journals.Existing research on spectator demand tends to focus primarily on elite club sport. This paper aims to expand on the literature by applying regression models to a large and unique set of survey data collected from Danish men’s national soccer team matches held from 2013 to 2017. The output from our models suggests that the number of matches attended is positively related to future demand, as are the results of the matches. Our results have implications for managers of national sports federations because they provide information on how spectators’ interest in and intention to attend matches involving national teams are related. This can assist them in improving spectator demand in the future

Tripwires and free-riders: Do forward-deployed U.S. troops reduce the willingness of host-country citizens to fight for their country?

This article investigates the relationship between U.S. overseas troops and the willingness of the citizens of host states to fight for their country. The study joins the long-running debate about burden-sharing and free-riding among U.S. allies. Unlike most previous empirical studies, we focus on non-material or intangible measures of the underlying concepts. Our dependent variable estimates the proportion of citizens expressing a willingness to fight for their country. Scores at the aggregate-national as well as the individual level are shaped by the presence of U.S. military forces, which act as a “tripwire” signaling credible security commitments. This increases opportunities of (non-material) free-riding. We present both bivariate and multivariate analyses covering the period 1981–2014 to test this supposition. Findings indicate that once U.S. troop levels reach a certain threshold (between 100 and 500 troops), citizens’ willingness to fight drops significantly. This likely reflects non-material free-riding

Makrofaktorer, opinion og næringsvirksomhet

Dette kapitlet tar for seg samspillet mellom makrofaktorer, opinion og næringsvirksomhet og hvordan disse tre variablene opererer sammen. Et lands næringspolitikk er av stor betydning for bedrifter. Offentlig opinion om økonomiske spørsmål har innflytelse på næringspolitikken som føres, og dette skjer via flere mekanismer. Den vanligste er valg, men opinionen kan også uttrykkes gjennom andre kanaler som meningsmålinger, lobbyvirksomhet og aksjonsvirksomhet. I tillegg har offentlig opinion en direkte innflytelse på bedrifter, for eksempel gjennom økonomisk nasjonalisme og boikott. Premissene for næringslivsaktivitet er i kontinuerlig endring – blant annet som følge av økt økonomisk globalisering, politiske reformer, teknologisk utvikling og omgivelsesrelaterte hendelser. Fra et bedriftsperspektiv er disse makrofaktorene viktige ettersom de påvirker rammebetingelsene for næringsvirksomhet. Makrofaktorer er forhold som vanskelig lar seg påvirke direkte, men som bedrifter søker å ta høyde for i sine strategiprosesser. Vi ønsker å belyse enkelte utfordringer i den forbindelse. Forholdet mellom opinion og bedrifter kommer sterkere til syne, blant annet som en følge av ny informasjonsteknologi. Færre barrierer for å spre kunnskap og informasjon verden over bidrar til større gjennomsiktighet om de konsekvenser som følger av enkelte bedrifters næringsvirksomhet. Dermed blir bedrifter i større grad opptatt av hvilke inntrykk og oppfatninger som angår dem i opinionen. Dette fører igjen til økt oppmerksomhet – både i næringslivet og i forskningskretser – om hvilken rolle bedrifter bør ha i samfunnet og hva deres samfunnsansvar omfatter

The rising fear of terrorism and the emergence of a European security governance space: citizen perceptions and EU counterterrorism cooperation

Among a wide range of challenges, EU member states have been facing a growing threat from terrorism in the recent years. The primary responsibility for combating terrorism lies with each individual member state, although the threat is becoming increasingly cross-border and diverse. Regardless of whether terrorism poses a real or perceived threat to the states’ and citizens’ security, public opinion is one important force behind the extensive counterterrorism efforts undertaken in Europe. In this article, we explore the influence of public opinion on EU policy within the security domain in the period 2005–19. We investigate the relationship between the number of attacks carried out on EU territory and citizens’ increased concern for terrorist attacks, as well as the attention given to this topic by EU decision-makers. Based on data from Eurobarometer, the Global Terrorism Database, and evidence from official documents, we perform an analysis of the connection between public perception and anti-terrorism policy coordination in the EU. The results of this investigation point to increasing levels of collective securitization and an ever-stronger focus on security and counterterrorism in the European Union. Our findings are related to policy formation in the EU

Unpacking Ethnicity: Exploring the Underlying Mechanisms Linking Ethnic Fractionalization and Civil Conflict

In the study of civil conflict, many regard ethnic fractionalization as a measure of grievance. However, there is also a rational-actor explanation as to why ethnicity might cause rebellion. A third possibility is that ethnic fractionalization in itself causes civil war. Using a novel approach, we provide an empirically based answer to the question of which of these 3 mechanisms is most prominently at play. First, we present our updated index of ethnolinguistic fractionalization. We have recalculated the index so that it corresponds with today’s ethnic compositions, using interpolation to fill in values between 1990 (the last recordings of the old measure) and our own data from 2011. Second, we establish empirically that there is indeed a positive (though slightly curvilinear) link between ethnicity and civil conflict. Third, we present 2 factor analyses, both of which demonstrate that ethnicity in itself is a mechanism that explains the outbreak of civil conflict

Demokratisk fred og (betinget) demokratisk pasifisme: Et teoretisk og empirisk blikk på normativ demokratisk fredsteori

Demokratisk fredsteori, og da spesielt dens normative variant, bygger på en forutsetning om demokratiske borgeres sentrale rolle for fred. Likevel blir individers holdninger og preferanser angående væpnet maktbruk sjelden undersøkt eksplisitt. Samtidig har forskningen heller ikke gitt en helt tilfredsstillende forklaring på hvorfor den demokratiske freden kun eksisterer på dyadisk nivå. Vår studie søker å gi noen forsøksvise svar på begge disse utfordringene. For det første gjennomgår vi den demokratiske fredslitteraturen, med særskilt vektlegging av normativ teori samt diskrepansen mellom dyadisk og monadisk demokratisk fred. For det andre viser vi – med data fra World Values Survey – at demokratiske borgere virkelig er mer pasifistiske enn borgere av andre regimetyper. For det tredje hevder vi at denne «demokratiske pasifismen» er en betinget pasifisme som begrenser seg til bestemte typer krig og bestemte motstandere. Den normativt baserte demokratiske freden er et reelt fenomen, selv om den ikke eksisterer absolutt

Democratic peace and the norms of the public: A multilevel analysis of the relationship between regime type and citizens' bellicosity, 1981-2008

The democratic peace literature has convincingly shown that democracies do not fight other democracies. Theoretical explanations of this empirical phenomenon often claim that the citizenry in democracies prefers peaceful resolution of interstate conflicts. Still, there is a dearth of studies exploring the public’s preferences and values directly. We seek to rectify this by investigating, in a novel way, the relationship between regime type and citizens’ bellicosity. A comprehensive multilevel research design is employed, with data spanning 72 countries over the period of 1981–2008. This enables us to test one of the theoretical mainstays of the democratic peace thesis, viz., that regime type helps shape individuals’ attitudes toward war-fighting. Our results lend special support to normative democratic peace theory: Citizens of democracies are significantly more pacifistic than citizens of non-democracies. This result upholds when we rigorously control for other relevant factors, including specific characteristics of individuals and rival theoretical explanations

Does international elite sporting success or hosting major events affect self-rated health? An examination of potential positive externalities related to international sporting tournaments

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Managing Sport and Leisure on 22.11.21, available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2021.2004914.Research question: It is a common expectation among politicians, civil servants and sport managers that hosting a major sporting event or achieving international elite sport success yields a variety of positive externalities grounded in the “Virtuous Circle of Elite Sport and Events” model. However, over the years various studies have shown that this model is not necessarily an accurate depiction of reality. This paper adds to existing research by testing whether elite sport success or hosting a major sport event can have any positive effects on citizens’ health. Research methods - By employing multilevel regression models to nine rounds of the European Social Survey – consisting of individual-level data from 2002 to 2019, covering 37 countries, 219 country-survey-years, and almost 400,000 respondents – we test whether health-related impacts of elite sport success and hosting major sport events can be identified. Results and findings - The model output from our regressions does not indicate that sporting success or hosting major sport events contributes to better health. Implications - The results question the “Virtuous Circle of Elite Sport and Events” model and stipulate that politicians, practitioners, and sports managers should be aware of overestimating potential positive externalities from elite sport