A vonalas és lepelerózió arányának vizsgálata vízgyűjtő léptékben

A talajerózió hatása a termőföldek mennyiségi és minőségi romlására közismert. Az elhordott, majd máshol lerakott talaj káros hatásairól valamivel kevesebb szó esik, pedig e folyamatok szintén jelentős problémákat okozhatnak. A szántóföldön eltemetik a növényeket, betakarják az utakat, feltöltik a csatornákat, tavakat, csökkentik a sankolóterek kapacitását, sőt közvetlen veszélyt jelentenek lakóépületekre, esetenként egész falvakra. Jellemzően a felszínen elmozduló talaj nem tesz meg nagy távolságot, jelentős része néhány 100m-en belül lerakódik. Bizonyos esetekben azonban a hordalék nagy távolságot képes megtenni és a pusztuló felszíntől távol halmozódik fel. Ahhoz, hogy a hordalék ellen hatékonyan tudjunk védekezni, szükséges az elhordott talaj eredeti helyzetének megállapítása. Egy durva csoportosítás szerint egy talajszelvényt két fő részre bonthatunk: a felső, kb. 20cm-es rétegre és az alatta fekvő, a talajművelés által szinte alig bolygatott részre. E felső réteg kiváló nyomjelzője a Cs-137 izotóp, mely kizárólag a közelmúlt légköri kihullásából származik és a talajhoz jól kötődik. A felületi rétegerózió, a csepperózió és a vonalas erózió egyes fajtái kizárólag csak a felszíni néhány cm-es réteget pusztítják. Egyedül az árkos erózió és a szuffózió erodálja a talajok mélyebb rétegeit is. A vízgyűjtő kifolyásánál felhalmozódó altalaj ez utóbbi két eróziós forma jelenlétére, minőségére és arányára utal. A Tetves-patak vízgyűjtő területe a Balaton D-i részvízgyűjtőjéhez tartozik. A völgyben hosszabb ideje folynak részletes talajeróziós mérések és kutatások. E területen vizsgáltuk a felhalmozódási térszíneken felgyűlt szedimentet. A sankoló nagymennyiségű hordalékot tartott vissza, feltöltődése szakaszosan, különböző szemcseösszetételű rétegekkel zajlott. A hordalék a sankolóban szétterülve nem osztályozódott a távolság függvényében. A minimális növényi keverés és átrétegződés ellenére a Cs-137 izotóp aktivitása vízszintesen és függőlegesen is nagy szórást mutatott a sankolótérben. A Cs-137-es módszer segítségével kimutattuk, hogy a sankolóban lerakott talaj nem csak a felületi rétegerózió hatására lepusztult feltalaj, hanem jelentős mennyiségű altalaj, illetve homokos lösz is. A vízgyűjtőn tehát jelentős a szerepe a vonalas eróziónak

Comparison of soil erosion dynamics under extensive and intensive cultivation based on basic soil parameters

The conservation of soil and its elemental feature, t he soil fertility has not just national and agricultural business interest, since the fertile soil is an elemental part of the material turnover in the environment. The soil erosion can reach huge spatial e xtensions and starts with the most valuable part: the upper, fertile layer. So, its research is crucial for our future survival. Our studied area can be found in Gerézdpuszta at the Koppány -valley of Hungary, which is a sensitive erosion area. We sampled the upper 30 cm of soil layer in every 10 meters that resulted 32-32 point samples on the arable and on the grassland, respectively. One sample was taken under the forest as r eference. We analyzed the basic soil parameters: CaCO 3 , pH, AL-P 2 O 5 , AL-K 2 O, Kuron’s higroscopicity, SOM and the particle size di stribution was determined. Besides, we examined the connection between the given results from laboratory soil analyses and the Munsell-type and Google Earth satellite image colors. O ur results show the erosion dynamic on our sample slope, and the main differences in basic soil paramet ers between different intensities. The main indicator of soil erosion dynamic were the CaCO 3 , the SOM, AL-P 2 O 5 and the particle size distribution, where the SOM and CaCO 3 were correlate with the Munsell and Google Earth col or also

A New Method to Measure Portal Venous and Hepatic Arterial Blood Flow Patients Intraoperatively

The intraoperative measurement of the afferent circulation of the liver, namely the hepatic artery flow and portal venous flow was carried out upon 14 anesthetized patients having carcinoma in the splanchnic area, mainly in the head of the pancreas by means of transit time ultrasonic volume flowmeter. The hepatic artery flow, portal venous flow and total hepatic flow were 0.377±0.10; 0.614±0.21; 0.992±0.276 l/min respectively

Expression of claudin-1, -3, -4, -5 and -7 proteins in low grade colorectal carcinoma of canines

The aim of the present study was to characterise the expression pattern of claudin-1, -3, -4, -5 and -7 tight junction proteins in canine normal colorectum and in the low-grade, tubulopapillary colorectal carcinoma in canines. Methods and results: The biopsy samples included 10 canine normal colorectal tissues and 20 canine low grade colorectal carcinomas (CLGCCs). The canine normal colorectal mucosa was negative for claudin-1. Claudin-1 was detected as a non-diffuse intense membrane labelling of neoplastic epithelial cells in low grade colorectal cancer in canines. Fifty five per cent of all tumours showed a weak cytoplasmic pattern of staining for claudin-1 protein. The normal colorectal mucosa showed diffuse punctate positivity for claudin-3. Claudin-3 was detected as an intense lateral membrane labelling of tumour cells in CLGCCs. Claudin-4 expression in surface and crypt epithelial cells of the intact colorectal mucosa in canines was punctate. Claudin-4 molecule was detected as a lateral membrane labelling of neoplastic cells in CLGCCs. The epithelium of the CLGCCs and the low grade colorectal carcinoma were negative for claudin-5. The surface and crypt epithlial cells of the canine normal colorectal mucosa showed a diffuse lateral membranous pattern of staining for claudin-7. Claudin-7 molecule was detected as an intense membrane labelling of neoplastic cells in CLGCCs. Seventy per cent of all tumours showed weak cytoplasmic positivity for claudin-7. Conclusion: Consequently, we hypothesize that claudin-1 plays a role in the progression of CLGCCs. Further functional studies are needed to clarify the biological role of the mislocalization of the claudin-1 molecule from cell membrane to the cytoplasm in CLGCCs. Lower claudin-4 expression suggests that reduced expression of claudin-4 molecule may lead to cellular disorientation, detachment and invasion of CLGCCs. Further functional studies are needed to clarify the biological role of overexpression and mislocalisation of claudin-7 in CLGCCs

Optimizations of a Multi-Agent System for a Real-World Warehouse Problem

In recent years, many warehouses applied mobile robots to move products from one location to another. We focus on a traditional warehouse where agents are humans, and they are engaged with tasks to navigate to the next destination one after the other. The possible destinations are determined at the beginning of the daily shift. Our real-world warehouse client asked us to minimize the total wage cost, and to minimize the irritation of the workers because of conflicts in their tasks. We define a heuristic for the optimizations for splitting the orders into warehouse carts, defining the sequence of the products within the carts, and the assignment of the carts to workers. We extend Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) solution techniques. Furthermore, we have implemented our proposal in a simulation software, and we have run several experiments. According to the experiments, the make-span and the wage cost cannot be reduced with the heuristic optimization, however the heuristic optimization considerably reduces the irritation of the workers. We conclude our work with a guideline for the warehouse

Quality of Life in Hungarian Parents of Autistic Individuals

Purpose: Parents of autistic individuals have been known to have a lower overall quality of life (QQL) than those of typically developing children. We present the first Hungarian large-sample study whose objective was to explore the differences in QOL between parents of autistic individuals (AS) and those of neurotypical (NT) persons. Methods: Based on the ABCX model we developed a questionnaire comprising standardized scales to characterize the life of parents involved. Our data came from parents of 842 individuals (ASD = 521, NT = 321) between 0 and 49 years. Battery deployed standardized instruments to examine quality of life (WHO-QQL BREF and Quality of Life in Autism questionnaire, QOLA). We assessed the families’ socio-economic/demographic characteristics, parents’ psychological well-being, the autistic/neurotypical individuals’ characteristics, and the interventions. Results: Our data showed significantly lower QOL in parents of autistic individuals in all domains of questionnaires. We analyzed 20 relevant factors to uncover the predictors of parental QOL. We confirmed the existence of most but not all predictors present in earlier literature and identified intervention-related predictors. Conclusion: Our study confirms the importance of supporting parents in their role, and of providing health and social supports that focus on quality of life, in addition to child care

Claudin-7 protein differentiates canine cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma

The aim of the present study was to characterise the expression pattern of claudin-7 tight junction protein in canine normal liver, hyperplastic and primary neoplastic lesions of the canine liver and whether this tight junction protein can help differentiate canine cholangiocarcinomas from canine hepatocellular carcinomas. Methods and results: Necropsy samples included 15 canine normal liver tissue samples, 10 hepatocellular nodular hyperplasias, 6 hepatocellular adenomas, 15 well-differentiated and 6 poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas, 6 cholangiocellular hyperplasias, 10 cholangiocellular adenomas, 15 well-differentiated and 6 poorly differentiated cholangiocarcinomas, 6 normal extrahepatic bile ducts, 8 normal gall bladder tissue samples, and 5 cystic mucinous hyperplasias of the gall bladder. In all canine normal liver tissue samples the hepatocytes were negative for claudin-7 and the normal biliary epithelial cells showed intense basolateral membrane claudin-7 positivity. In all cholangiocellular hyperplasia samples and in all cholangiocellular adenoma samples the benign cholangiocytes showed intense basolateral membrane positivity for claudin-7. In all samples of the well-differentiated and poorly differentiated cholangiocarcinomas, the malignant neoplastic biliary epithelial cells showed intense basolateral membrane positivity for claudin-7. Neither the hyperplastic nodules of the liver cells nor the hepatocellular adenomas reacted with claudin-7. The well-differentiated and poorly differentiated hepatocellular cancers were negative for claudin-7. The epithelial cells of canine normal extrahepatic bile ducts, gall bladder and cystic mucinous hyperplasias of the gall bladder showed intense basolateral membrane positivity for claudin-7. Differences in the intensity of claudin-7 reaction were not apparent among different types of proliferative lesions of cholangiocytes or degrees of cellular differentiation of neoplastic biliary epithelial cells. Conclusion: Consequently, we hypothesize that claudin-7 is an excellent immunohistochemical marker of the cholangiocellular differentiation in canines and can be used to detect benign and malignant proliferative lesions of the canine biliary tract. It can also help to differentiate canine cholangiocarcinomas from hepatocellular carcinomas