Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Insights from Lymph Nodes & Bone Marrow and Clinical Perspectives

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is characterized by highly variable distribution of tumor mass between peripheral blood, bone marrow and lymphoid organs which is important for staging, classification and prognosis. These clinical findings with novel data about importance of B-cell receptor and its stimulation with the support of microenvironment indicate important role of tissues (lymphoid organs and bone marrow) in the pathogenesis of B-CLL. Here is presented the novel approach of simultaneous characterization of B-CLL cells form peripheral blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, defining inter- and intraclonal diversity with respect to various molecules. These include adhesion molecules (integrins, immunoglobulins, selectins), chemokine receptors (including CXCR-4), signaling molecules and prognostic factors (CD38 and ZAP-70), proliferation and apoptosis markers (including Ki67, AgNORs with PK index, survivin, bcl-2) and therapeutic targets (CD20 and CD52) and residual hematopoietic stem cells. A number of interesting significant interactions have been discovered, pointing to the important role of neoplastic cell microenvironment. These may in addition to insights in pathogenesis and roles of different microenvironments add to diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of B-CLL patients

LEVEL CROSSING RATE OF MACRODIVERSITY SC RECEIVER WITH TWO MICRODIVERSITY SC RECEIVERS OVER GAMMA SHADOWED MULTIPATH FADING CHANNEL

In this paper, macrodiversity SC (selection combining) receiver with two microdiversity SC receivers is considered. Received signal experiences Gamma long term fading resulting in signal envelope power variation and short term fading resulting in signal envelope variation. Macrodiversity SC receiver reduces long term fading effects on system performances and microdiversity SC receivers reduce short term fading effects on system performances. Expression level crossing rate of macrodiversity SC receiver output signal envelope is calculated. Mathematical expressions are presented graphically to show the influence of Nakagami-m parameter severity and Gamma parameter severity on level crossing rate of proposed system

Monocytes in Metabolic Disorders – Opportunities for Flow Cytometry Contributions

Chronic inflammation has arised as a major underlying cause of atherosclerosis, obesity and diabetes. It is mediated by cells of innate immune system like macrophages but also by their antecedents, circulating monocytes. Roles of monocyte subsets and different markers of monocyte activation in the context of metabolic disorders have been reviewed. Applying cell based approach through flow cytometry in this field has resulted with new understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms. Possible implications of these insights in diagnosis, prognosis and revealing of therapeutic targets in metabolic disorders remain a challenge for future

Average Bit Error Rate at Signal Transmission with OOK Modulation Scheme in Different FSO Channels

In this paper, the Average Bit Error Rate of the signal in the Free Space Optical system modulated with On-Off keying scheme is calculated and analysed. The Average Bit Error Rate is determined in the case of an atmospheric channel modelled with Gamma-Gamma distribution, Log-Normal distribution, K distribution and I-K distribution. The results are presented both analytically and graphically for different lengths of the Free Space Optical link and the strength of the atmospheric turbulence. The quality of the received signal based on the Average Bit Error Rate for weak, moderate and strong atmospheric turbulences, different lengths of the transmission section and different Signal-to-Noise Ratio values was analysed. The operation of the Free Space Optical system in the observed environment was simulated and the transmission quality was analysed based on Bit Error Rate and Q factor

Segmentation and Classification of Bi-Rads Medical Images with the Imaging Biomarkers According To Level of Detail

Segmentation is one of the latest directions of digital imaging development, presented by partial segments which are parts of the same image. The currently used algorithms are rare and far from ideal. Depending on the situation, algorithms behave differently, so it is almost impossible to single out a unique conclusion. This paper gives a proposal for new segmentation techniques with the help of Imaging Biomarkers for the digital image processing with auxiliary Hybrid edge detection algorithm and especially a defined threshold of detection. Matlab software is used for giving a particular conceptual design of a partial display of images and for correlating adequate numerical methods of digital processing. The study results confirm the quality of the proposed algorithm and position it for practical use in classification of BI-RADS breasts classified by density

Mobile ad-hoc networks: MANET

Currently in 2018, 7.6 billion people are in the world, and 8.6 billion mobile devices. As mobile phones have completely changed the meaning of the term to be available, a similar change in the wait and laptops users is, so it is only a matter of time before the new way to use your notebooks will change your habits and make life easier. As modern man is becoming increasingly accustomed to the availability of the 'network' (the Internet), where he can find almost every necessary information, he is increasingly integrating in his life, for example, if one wants to quickly find out where one can buy a book of a particular author, or on a specific topic, which pharmacies are open, how to find the street etc. Today, wireless internet access at airports, restaurants, hotels is almost everywhere , and such approaches are based on previously installed infrastructure such as wireless access point (wireless access point) through which you connect your device to the Internet or communicate with another person and exchange data. This way of accessing the Internet while on the go-via a laptop computer would require an infrastructure like the GSM network. That is why we started to develop a different network model, which are ad-hoc networks, that is, Mobile Ad-hoc Networks, as an ad-hoc network

Level crossing rate of macrodiversity with three microdiversity SC receivers over gamma shadowed Nakagami-m channel

Macrodiversity system with macrodiversity selection combining (SC) receiver and three microdiversity SC receivers operating over Gamma shadowed Nakagami-m multipath fading environment is considered in this work. Level crossing arte of signals at outputs microdiversity SC receivers are calculated and by using these formulas, closed form expression for average level crossing rate of macrodiversity SC receiver output signal is evaluated. Average fade duration of proposed macrodiversity system can be calculated as ratio of outage probability and level crossing rate. By using obtained results the influence of Nakagami-m multipath fading severity parameter, Gamma shadowing severity parameter and shadowing correlation parameter on average level crossing rate is analyzed and discussed

Serum Immunoglobulins in non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Patients

Serum proteins and immunoglobulin (Ig) findings in 119 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) patients were analysed. Out of them 96 (81%) patients had B non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), and 23 (19%) T-NHL. Indolent type of NHL was more frequent (77 patients, 65%), then aggressive type of NHL (42 patients, 35%). Most patients had normal serum protein concentration, the increased protein concentration was seen in 17% of patients while decreased concentration was noticed in 7% of patients. Hypoalbuminaemia was more frequent (43%) then hyperalbuminaemia (1%). In contrast to albumin, low levels of other protein fractions (alpha1-, alpha2-, and beta-globulin) were rather rare (0.6%, 4%, and 3% of patients, respectively) and high levels were frequent (23%, 37%, and 8%, respectively). Polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinaemia was more frequent finding than hypoimmunoglobulinaemia. In 29% patients higher IgG level and in 25% patients higher IgA level were found. IgM hypoimmunoglobulinaemia (22%) was more frequent than IgG (11%) and IgA (8%) hypoimmunoglobulinaemia. M-spike in serum protein electrophoresis was found in 11 (7%) patients. The statistically significant association was not found between serum Ig concentration and lymphoma malignancy grade as well as between serum Ig concentration and immunologic origin of lymphoma. T-NHL patients have more often IgA concentration level above or under normal values than B-NHL patients (p<0.05)