The development of the economic sciences: two contemporary tendencies

The paper discusses two important trends that have shaped research in the economic sciences over the last two decades. The first one is the growing interdisciplinarity of economic research. The second one is the impact of technological changes on research in the economic sciences. The paper presents the author’s systematization of these problems.The paper discusses two important trends that have shaped research in the economic sciences over the last two decades. The first one is the growing interdisciplinarity of economic research. The second one is the impact of technological changes on research in the economic sciences. The paper presents the author’s systematization of these problems

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN SAUDI ARABIA

Each nation strives to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to boost its economy and close the saving-investment imbalance. Political considerations and falling oil prices had caused FDI flows to Saudi Arabia to steadily diminish, but commercial development and new initiatives beyond the petroleum and gas industry aided reversing the trend and pattern. Among 1983 and 2013, the strategies, rules, and growth of foreign direct investment in Saudi Arabia were studied using an analytical and descriptive strategy. The findings showed that economic factors strongly influenced FDI during the time period. About 60.3% of all foreign investments come from Saudi Arabia, which is beneficial for the host nation's economic growth. Short-term FDI has a negative impact on domestic investment capital, while long-term domestic capital investment has a negative impact on FDI. The Long-term non-oil GDP development, FDI inflows, and domestic capital expenditure are all favourably impacted by both the rise of the financial sector and exchange rates. The conclusions are crucial for Saudi policymakers to implement in order to lead and encourage local and foreign investments and stimulate economic growth in the nation. This research will focus on the foreign direct investment in Saudi Arabia, it will mainly deal with the relationship between the FDI and economic growth and how the FDI impacts the employment rate. This research also discusses the relationship between the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries and GDP (Gross Domestic Product) rate. The primary objective is to identify the variables affecting FDI in Saudi Arabia, the patterns, and trends of FDI and their relationship to GDP. A number of variables, including the relationship between inflow and outflow, the impact of inflow and outflow, and the sectoral composition of FDI based on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, are anticipated

On the General Distance Measure, In:

Abstract: In Walesiak [1993], pp. 44-45 the distance measure was proposed, which can be used for the ordinal data. In the paper the proposal of the general distance measure is given. This measure can be used for data measured in ratio, interval and ordinal scale. The proposal is based on the idea of the generalised correlation coefficient

Linear, Deterministic, and Order-Invariant Initialization Methods for the K-Means Clustering Algorithm

Over the past five decades, k-means has become the clustering algorithm of choice in many application domains primarily due to its simplicity, time/space efficiency, and invariance to the ordering of the data points. Unfortunately, the algorithm's sensitivity to the initial selection of the cluster centers remains to be its most serious drawback. Numerous initialization methods have been proposed to address this drawback. Many of these methods, however, have time complexity superlinear in the number of data points, which makes them impractical for large data sets. On the other hand, linear methods are often random and/or sensitive to the ordering of the data points. These methods are generally unreliable in that the quality of their results is unpredictable. Therefore, it is common practice to perform multiple runs of such methods and take the output of the run that produces the best results. Such a practice, however, greatly increases the computational requirements of the otherwise highly efficient k-means algorithm. In this chapter, we investigate the empirical performance of six linear, deterministic (non-random), and order-invariant k-means initialization methods on a large and diverse collection of data sets from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. The results demonstrate that two relatively unknown hierarchical initialization methods due to Su and Dy outperform the remaining four methods with respect to two objective effectiveness criteria. In addition, a recent method due to Erisoglu et al. performs surprisingly poorly.Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures, 5 tables, Partitional Clustering Algorithms (Springer, 2014). arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1304.7465, arXiv:1209.196

Econometrics and finance - history and present times

The paper describes some relations between econometric models and financial research. First of all, historical facts about emerging of econometrics and modern finance are presented. Then the description of financial econometrics, as well as systematization of the most important models, are given.Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę