Avaliação da atividade elétrica atrial em pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da valvopatia mitral Evaluation of atrial electrical activity in patients operated on mitral valve disease

INTRODUÇÃO: O acesso cirúrgico por esternotomia mediana e atriotomia subseptal clássica pode, em certos casos, resultar em má exposição da valva mitral. Incisões atriais alternativas otimizam a exposição da valva mitral mas podem interferir na atividade elétrica atrial pós-operatória. OBJETIVO: Padronizar método para investigar a atividade elétrica atrial para emprego em estudos comparativos de diferentes atriotomias em cardiopatas sumetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Análise com eletrocardiograma convencional e de 24 h (sistema Holter), pré e pós-operatória, e cardioestimulação epicárdica pós-operatória pelo método de Narula, em 10 pacientes submetidos à correção de valvopatias mitrais. RESULTADOS: No pré-op., os pacientes em ritmo sinusal apresentaram ectopias supraventriculares, com episódios de taquicardia supraventricular em 57% dos casos, "flutter" atrial em 10% e ritmo juncional em 10%. Todos apresentaram ectopias ventriculares, de baixa incidência em 70% dos casos, e taquicardia ventricular não sustentada foi detectada em 30% dos pacientes. No pós-operatório, houve 40% de novas arritmias supraventriculares (fibrilação atrial, ritmo juncional, ritmo atrial baixo e taquicardia supraventricular paroxística), mas não ocorreram arritmias ventriculares. No pós-op. a função do nó sinusal não se alterou, ocorreu redução significativa das ectopias supraventriculares, com reversão de FA para ritmo sinusal em 1 paciente, mas não houve redução significativa das ectopias ventriculares. O tempo de condução inter-atrial correlacionou-se com o tamanho do átrio esquerdo. CONCLUSÃO: A metodologia mostrou-se adequada e segura, e poderá ser empregada na comparação de diferentes incisões atriais para exposição valvar mitral.<br>INTRODUCTION: The selection of the surgical approach to the mitral valve is a critical factor in obtaining good exposure and minimizing lesions of the surrounding structures. The classical right lateral subseptal access may sometimes provide difficult exposure, so that alternative approaches are used whose effects on atrial electrical activity are contradictory. OBJECTIVE:To standardize an investigative method to evaluate heart electrical activity post-op. METHODS: Ten consecutive adult patients with mitral valve disease were operated on. Surface electrocardiogram and continuous electrocardiographic monitoring (Holter system) pre and post-op., and epicardical cardioestimulation post-op. were used to study cardiac electric activity. RESULTS: There was no mortality. All patients with sinus rhythm presented supraventricular ectopia, with episodes of supraventricular tachycardia in 57%, atrial flutter in 10%, and junctional rhythm in 10%. All patients presented ventricular ectopia, with a low incidence in 70% of them and with unsustained ventricular tachycardia in 30%. During the postoperative period there was a 40% rate of new supraventricular arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, junctional rhythm, low atrial rhythm, and paroxistic supraventricular tachycardia), with no ventricular arrhythmias. Post-op. sinus node function was preserved. There was a significant reduction of supraventricular ectopia, with reversal of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm in one patient. Although there was a significant reduction in left atrium size post-op, P wave duration, as well as ventricular ectopia rate remained unchanged. Interatrial conduction time correlated with left atrium size measured pre and post-op. CONCLUSION: The methods proved useful to evaluate atrial electric activity in patients operated upon by the classic subseptal access, thus permitting future comparisons with other surgical approaches to the mitral valve

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ