A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled 4-Week Study on the Efficacy and Safety of the Purinergic Agents Allopurinol and Dipyridamole Adjunctive to Lithium in Acute Bipolar Mania

The therapeutics for Bipolar Disorders (BD) is still far from adequate and new options with improved effectiveness, safety and tolerability in a wide range of patients are necessary. Preliminary data have suggested a role for dysfunctions targeting at the purinergic system in mood disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the purinergic agents allopurinol and dipyridamole combined with lithium in bipolar mania

MENSURAÇÃO DA DESIGUALDADE EDUCACIONAL ENTRE OS MUNICÍPIOS NORDESTINOS

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a desigualdade educacional da Região Nordeste com base nos dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010. Para este fim, foi calculado o Índice de Gini Educacional (IGE) para a parcela da população economicamente ativa com 15 anos ou mais de idade, residentes nos 1793 municípios nordestinos. Foram empregadas as técnicas de Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE) e Análise de Regressão Espacial para detectar a importância de algumas variáveis relacionadas ao contexto das famílias, do sistema educacional e da economia dos municípios sobre o Índice de Gini Educacional. Verificou-se que o estado da Bahia apresentou a menor desigualdade educacional no Nordeste, com IGE de 0,394, enquanto o maior índice de desigualdade foi detectado no estado de Alagoas (0,467). Quanto à analise espacial, foi detectada dependência espacial no tocante à desigualdade educacional entre os municípios e seus vizinhos. Constatou-se também que a renda per capita, a frequência escolar líquida, a presença de IES e o PIB per capita municipal contribuem na redução da desigualdade, e que o baixo impacto de variáveis relacionadas ao sistema educacional pode ser atribuído ao seu efeito no longo prazo e, portanto, ressalta-se a importância do investimento e as políticas públicas educacionais, que só terão reflexo na redução da desigualdade educacional dos municípios no futuro

Photosynthetic characteristics of charophytes from tropical iotic ecosystems

Responses of photosynthetic rates, determined by oxygen evolution using the light and dark bottles technique, to different temperatures, irradiances, pH, and diurnal rhythm were analyzed under laboratory conditions in four charophyte species (Chara braunii Gmelin, C. guairensis R. Bicudo, Nitella subglomerata A. Braun and Nitella sp.) from Iotic habitats in southeastern Brazil. Parameters derived from the photosynthesis versus irradiance curves indicated affinity to low irradiances for all algae tested. Some degree of photoinhibition, [β = -(0.30-0.13) mg 02 g-1 dry weight h-1 (μmol photons m-2 s-1)-1], low light compensation points (lc = 4-20 μmol photons m-2 s-1) were found for all species analyzed, as well as low values of light saturation parameter (lk) and saturation (ls) 29-130 and 92-169 μmol photons m-2 S-1, respectively. Photoacclimation was observed in two populations of N. subglomerata collected from sites with different irradiances, consisting of variations in photosynthetic parameters (higher values of α, and lower of lk and maximum photosynthetic rate, Pmax, in the population under lower irradiance). The highest photosynthetic rates for Chara species were observed at 10-15°C, while for Nitella the highest photosynthetic rate was observed at 20-25°C, despite the lack of significant differences among most levels tested. Rates of dark respiration significantly increase with temperature, with the highest values at 25°C. The results from pH experiments showed highest photosynthetic rates under pH 4.0 for all algae, suggesting higher affinity for inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide, except in one population of N. subglomerata, with similar rates under the three levels, suggesting indistinct use of bicarbonate and carbon dioxide. Diurnal changes in photosynthetic rates revealed a general pattern for most algae tested, which was characterized by two peaks: the first (higher) during the morning (07.00-11.00) and the second (lower) in the afternoon (14.00-17.00). This suggests an endogenous rhythm determining the daily variations in photosynthetic rates

Sensor Fusion and Smart Sensor in Sports and Biomedical Applications

The following work presents an overview of smart sensors and sensor fusion targeted at biomedical applications and sports areas. In this work, the integration of these areas is demonstrated, promoting a reflection about techniques and applications to collect, quantify and qualify some physical variables associated with the human body. These techniques are presented in various biomedical and sports applications, which cover areas related to diagnostics, rehabilitation, physical monitoring, and the development of performance in athletes, among others. Although some applications are described in only one of two fields of study (biomedicine and sports), it is very likely that the same application fits in both, with small peculiarities or adaptations. To illustrate the contemporaneity of applications, an analysis of specialized papers published in the last six years has been made. In this context, the main characteristic of this review is to present the largest quantity of relevant examples of sensor fusion and smart sensors focusing on their utilization and proposals, without deeply addressing one specific system or technique, to the detriment of the others

ESTUDO ATRAVÉS DE RMN DE 13C NO ESTADO SÓLIDO SOBRE A SÍNTESE DE OXIDO DE GRAFITE UTILIZANDO DIFERENTES PRECURSORES GRAFÍTICOS

The influence of the structural and microstructural characteristics of graphitic precursors on the production of graphite oxide (GO) is investigated in the present work. Six different graphitic precursors were used to produce GO following a modified Hummers method, namely: natural graphite, commercial lubricant graphite, milled graphite, graphite flakes, high-purity graphite and graphite recycled from Li-ion batteries. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 13C NMR spectra revealed the presence of epoxy, hydroxyl, carbonyl and lactol groups in the synthesized GOs. However, the oxidation degree of each product was found to be dependent on the average crystallite size (Lc) and particle size of the graphitic precursors, with the best GO samples being produced from the milled graphite and the graphite recycled from ion-Li batteries. These results were rationalized in terms of the structural and microstructural differences among the graphitic precursors, as revealed by the XRD patterns and SEM images, evidencing the importance of the correct choice of the precursor aiming the achievement of a well-developed structure for the GO product

SOLID STATE 13C NMR STUDY ON THE SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHITE OXIDE FROM DIFFERENT GRAPHITIC PRECURSORS

<p></p><p>The influence of the structural and microstructural characteristics of graphitic precursors on the production of graphite oxide (GO) is investigated in the present work. Six different graphitic precursors were used to produce GO following a modified Hummers method, namely: natural graphite, commercial lubricant graphite, milled graphite, graphite flakes, high-purity graphite and graphite recycled from Li-ion batteries. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 13C NMR spectra revealed the presence of epoxy, hydroxyl, carbonyl and lactol groups in the synthesized GOs. However, the oxidation degree of each product was found to be dependent on the average crystallite size (Lc) and particle size of the graphitic precursors, with the best GO samples being produced from the milled graphite and the graphite recycled from ion-Li batteries. These results were rationalized in terms of the structural and microstructural differences among the graphitic precursors, as revealed by the XRD patterns and SEM images, evidencing the importance of the correct choice of the precursor aiming the achievement of a well-developed structure for the GO product.</p><p></p