Influence of Salix babylonica extract addition on in vitro rumen gas production and degradability of ryegrass silage harvested in different cutting days

Four cutoffs of ryegrass after 15 days (CD15), 30 days (CD30), 45 days (CD45), and 60 days (CD60) with Salix babylonica (SB) extract at 0, 30, and 60 ml/kg ryegrass silage were ensiled for 40 days and then evaluated for the in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility and gas production (GP). No interactions occurred between cutting day and SB extract for silage’s nutrient contents and in vitro GP. The DM and organic matter (OM) contents were decreased linearly with decreased crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibres, acid detergent fibres, and acid detergent lignin contents with advancing of days. In contrary, addition of SB extract increased silages’ OM and decreased CP contents. Addition of SB extract for CD15 and CD60 silages, quadratically decreased the lag time. However, SB extract increased the rate of GP and GP during the first 12 h of incubation at the level of 30 ml/kg with CD30 silage and asymptotic GP with the level 60 ml/kg of CD60 silage. Increased DM degradability (DMD) of CD30 and CD60 silages versus decreased DMD with CD15 with increased relative GP (ml gas/g DMD). It could be concluded that CD15 had the highest DM and OM content; however, higher GP was noted with CD45 and CD60. SB extract had weak effects on nutrient content and GP, and the level of 30 ml/kg DM was more effective than the level of 60 ml/kg DM

Effect of Partial Replacement of Steam Rolled Corn With Soybean Hulls or Prickly Pear Cactus in the Horse’s Diet in the Presence of Live Saccharomyces cerevisiae on In Vitro Fecal Gas Production

Grains represent important sources of energy to horses. Feeding diets with high-grain contents is associated withsome feeding disorders and less feed utilization [1] due tomicrobial profile disturbance [2] and impaired fibrolytic activity in the hindgut [3]. Therefore, partial replacement of grains (energy sources) with other feeds, rich in fibers, would appear to be a good alternative solution to prevent such problems and increase feed utilization and reduce feeding costs.The aim of the study was to evaluate the fecal fermentation of partial replacing steam rolled corn with soybean hulls (SH) or prickly pear cactus (PC) as energy source in horse diets, in the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Steam rolled corn was replaced with SH at 0% (control), 7.5% (SH75), and 15% (SH150) in the first trial, whereas it was replaced with PC at 0% (control; the same of the first trial), 7.5% (PC75), and 15% (PC150) in the second trial. Yeast of S. cerevisiae was added at 0, 2, and 4 mg/g dry matter (DM) of incubated substrates. Fecal inoculum was obtained from four adult English Thoroughbred horses fed on an amount of commercial concentrate and oat hay ad libitum. Interactions observed between PC rations and yeast doses for the asymptotic gas production (GP), the rate of GP and carbon dioxide (CO2) production during some incubation hours. Moreover, with no effect due to SH rations (P > .05), increased (P < .05) rate of GP was observed with the ration PC75 compared with other rations. Besides, PC75 and PC150 rations with 0 mg yeast/g DM linearly decreased (P < .05) CO2 production at some incubation hours. However, SH75 and SH150 ration had increased (P ¼ .005) DM degradability (DMD). Yeast addition at 2 mg/g DM increased the asymptotic GP (P ¼ .048) with the SH75 and PC150 rations. The level of 4 mg yeast/g DM increased the asymptotic GP (P ¼.048) from the SH150 ration. Yeast addition at 2 and 4 mg/g DM increased (P < .05) the asymptotic GP from PC75 and PC150 rations, respectively, with increasing DMD with the both doses. Yeast addition increased (P <.05) CO2 production from SH75, SH150, PC75, and PC150 rations. It could be concluded that SH and PC can replace steam rolled corn at levels of 7.5% to 15% without negative effect of fermentation kinetics and with better fermentation performance in the presence of yeast at 2 mg/g DM of substrates

Influence of Salix babylonica extract, exogenous enzyme of xylanase and their combination on blood haematological and biochemical profile in sheep and goats

The study was made to investigate effect of exogenous enzyme of xylanase, Salix babylonica extract and their combination on blood haematological and biochemical profile in lambs and goats. Suffolk lambs (4) and Saanen goats (4) were used in a Latin square design (4 animals × 4 treatments in 4 periods) for 15 days of adaptation. Animals were fed the basal diet plus 30 ml of water (control), or plus 30 ml of exogenous enzyme xylanase (EZ), or plus 30 ml of S. babylonica extract (SB), or plus 30 ml of xylanase + 30 ml of SB extract (EZSB). The daily dose of treatments was given orally before the morning feeding. Blood samples (5 ml) were collected on day 15 of each period and analyzed for haematological and biochemical profile. Treatments had affected hematocrit in lambs; eosinophils and glucose in goats. Since all the studied blood parameters were within the normal range for healthy goats and there were no signs of disease, it is concluded that xylanase, S. babylonica and their combination did not pose any threa

Fertilidade de ovelhas Katahdin inseminadas laparoscopicamente com sêmen refrigerado ou criopreservado nos trópicos

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la fertilidad seminal y taza de preñes en un hato de ovinos katahdin mediante inseminación laparoscópica con semen refrigerado y congelado en ambiente tropical, fueron utilizados el reproductor y veinte vientres de la raza katahdin. Se realizaron dos evaluaciones para valorar la calidad del semen de acuerdo con sus características macroscópicas y microscópicas y las hembras fueron sincronizadas con dispositivos intravaginales con 0.3 g de progesterona natural (CIDR®, Zoetis), más una dosis de 400 UI de gonadotropina coriónica humana (GCH). La fertilidad fue mayor (p&lt; 0,05) (30% de preñez) en borregas inseminadas con semen congelado, comparada al 20% de preñez en las inseminadas con semen frío. Las variables de fertilidad seminal evaluadas demostraron que el semen en el semental katahdin en ambiente tropical fue de buena calidad para su manipulación en la práctica de la inseminación artificial. El grupo racial de los animales utilizados respondieron satisfactoriamente a la sincronización y el semen estuvo dentro de los parámetros establecidos para la especie además toleró la manipulación, en cuanto a la inseminación por laparoscopía, es una técnica de cruzamiento poco diseminada en la región, sin embargo, el estudio desarrollado sugiere mayor investigación para aportar conocimientos suficientes para fortalecer el procedimiento y con ello incrementar la concepción en ovejas servidasThe objective of the study was to compare the semen fertility and pregnancy rate in a katahdin sheep herd by laparoscopic insemination with refrigerated and frozen semen in a tropical environment. The breeder and twenty bellies of the katahdin breed were used. Two evaluations were performed to assess the quality of the semen according to its macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and the females were synchronized with intravaginal devices with 0.3 g of natural progesterone (CIDR®, Zoetis), plus a dose of 400 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Fertility was higher (p&lt; 0.05) (30% pregnancy) in ewes inseminated with frozen semen, compared to 20% pregnancy in those inseminated with cold semen. The evaluated seminal fertility variables demonstrated that the semen in katahdin stallions in a tropical environment is of good quality for handling in the practice of artificial insemination. It is concluded that the breed group of the animals used responded satisfactorily to the synchronization and the semen was within the parameters established for the species, it also tolerated the manipulation, in terms of insemination by laparoscopy, it is a crossbreeding technique that is not widely disseminated in the region however, the study developed suggests further research to provide sufficient knowledge to strengthen the procedure and thereby increase conception in ewes bred.O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a fertilidade seminal e a taxa de prenhez em um rebanho de ovelhas katahdin por meio de inseminação laparoscópica com sêmen refrigerado e congelado em ambiente tropical, foram utilizados o reprodutor e vinte úteros da raça katahdin. Foram realizadas duas avaliações para avaliar a qualidade do sêmen de acordo com suas características macroscópicas e microscópicas, e as fêmeas foram sincronizadas com dispositivos intravaginais com 0,3 g de progesterona natural (CIDR®, Zoetis), mais uma dose de 400 UI de gonadotrofina coriônica humana (HCG) . A fertilidade foi maior (p&lt; 0,05) (30% de prenhez) em ovelhas inseminadas com sêmen congelado, em comparação com 20% de prenhez naquelas inseminadas com sêmen frio. As variáveis ​​de fertilidade seminal avaliadas demonstraram que o sêmen do garanhão katahdin em ambiente tropical era de boa qualidade para sua manipulação na prática da inseminação artificial. O grupo racial dos animais utilizados respondeu satisfatoriamente à sincronização e o sêmen estava dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos para a espécie, também tolerou a manipulação, no que diz respeito à inseminação por laparoscopia, é uma técnica de cruzamento pouco difundida na região, porém , o estudo desenvolvido sugere novas pesquisas para fornecer conhecimento suficiente para fortalecer o procedimento e, assim, aumentar a concepção em ovelhas criadas

Comportamiento productivo y calidad de la carne de ovinos finalizados en un sistema silvopastorio vs corral con alimento elaborado

Actualmente la mejoría en la calidad de la carne es el nuevo desafío para los ganaderos. La alimentación de los animales es uno de los principales factores extrínsecos que más influencia tienen sobre la calidad de la canal y carne en los rumiantes. El uso de dietas comerciales encarece la producción de carne por la alta proporción de granos en las fórmulas, por lo que para reducir los costos se ha recurrido a la suplementación con distintas fuentes de nutrientes (follaje de árboles, arbustos, desechos agrondustriales). Los sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP) con leguminosas forrajeras arbóreas como Leucaena leucocephala asociadas con gramíneas tropicales introducidas, proveen forraje que aporta nutrientes (proteína, vitaminas y minerales), por lo que son una alternativa para mejorar la respuesta productiva de ovinos (Ramírez et al.,2016). La búsqueda de alternativas para mejorar el comportamiento productivo y la conformación de la canal de los ovinos ha sido una constante siendo el uso de los sistemas silvopastoriles un ejemplo de estos. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar las características y la calidad de la canal en ovinos de pelo finalizados en un sistema silvopastoril (SSP) con Leucaena leucocephala vs ovinos finalizados en corral con alimento elaborado

EFFECT OF THE DIET ON THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION RATE OF Eisenia fetida L. IN SOUTHERN MEXICO STATE

En años recientes la disposición de los desechos orgánicos de origen agrícola ha causado un incremento de problemas ambientales y económicos, por lo que su eliminación y manejo se vuelven urgentes (Xing et al. 2015). En particular, E. fetida es ampliamente utilizada en el proceso de vermicompostaje de desechos orgánicos tales como el estiércol de ganado porque es de fácil manejo (Kim, 2016). Durante este proceso es importante monitorear a la lombriz para determinar su tasa de crecimiento y reproducción con la finalidad de identificar sus necesidades óptimas las cuales están directamente influenciadas por la calidad y la disponibilidad del alimento (Vodounnou et al., 2016). El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la tasa de crecimiento y la reproducción de Eisenia fetida alimentada con estiércol composteado de equino y ovino en el Sur del Estado de México

Efecto de la dieta sobre la tasa de crecimiento y reproducción de Eisenia fetida L. en el sur del Estado de México

En años recientes la disposición de los desechos orgánicos de origen agrícola ha causado un incremento de problemas ambientales y económicos, por lo que su eliminación y manejo se vuelven urgentes (Xing et al. 2015). En particular, E. fetida es ampliamente utilizada en el proceso de vermicompostaje de desechos orgánicos tales como el estiércol de ganado porque es de fácil manejo (Kim, 2016). Durante este proceso es importante monitorear a la lombriz para determinar su tasa de crecimiento y reproducción con la finalidad de identificar sus necesidades óptimas las cuales están directamente influenciadas por la calidad y la disponibilidad del alimento (Vodounnou et al., 2016). El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la tasa de crecimiento y la reproducción de Eisenia fetida alimentada con estiércol composteado de equino y ovino en el Sur del Estado de México

Compostaje y vermicompostaje: estrategis de manejo del estiércol equino y bovinos en una zona rural del sur del Estado de México

En México se generan alrededor de 312,609 t/año de estiércoles pecuarios que ocasionan un impacto ambiental negativo y aún no han sido considerados como subproductos susceptibles de aprovechamiento (Olivares et al., 2012: 27, Sztern, Pravia, 2001: 13). El estiércol animal contiene valiosos nutrientes para las plantas y compuestos orgánicos que pueden restaurar suelos degradados y asegurar una actividad agrícola sostenible a largo plazo (Diacono, Montemurro, 2010: 402), por lo que el tratamiento adecuado de estos residuos reduce el impacto ambiental evitando las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero de los vertederos y disminuye la necesidad de utilizar fertilizantes químicos (Pimentel et al., 2005: 573). El compostaje y el vermicompostaje son tecnologías que se utilizan para el tratamiento de los estiércoles pecuarios, las cuales permiten perfeccionar los sistemas de producción agropecuaria obteniendo un impacto positivo ambiental, social y económico, ya que éstas se aplican para transformar y reducir el volumen de estiércol que produce el sector agropecuario (Lazcano, Gómez, Domínguez, 2008: 1013). Durante el proceso de vermicompostaje, los residuos orgánicos seconvierten en dos valiosos productos: abono orgánico y biomasa de lombrices (Garg, Gupta, 2006: 391). El abono orgánico de buena calidad es demandado por la agricultura orgánica para mantener el suelo sano y los productos cosechados libres de sustancias toxicas, por lo que el uso de este tipo de abonos es atractivo por su menor costo en producción y aplicación, por lo que resulta más asequible a los productores (García et al., 2010: 108). Además, el uso de los residuos orgánicos ha cobrado importancia porque disminuye la utilización de fertilizantes y agroquímicos, contribuyendo al ahorro en la economía del sector agropecuario (Gayosso et al., 2016: 628). La biomasa de lombrices es otro producto con valor monetario en forma de proteína para la alimentación humana y animal (Lalander, Komakech, Vinneras, 2015: 96). El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el potencial del compostaje y vermicompostaje como estrategia de manejo de estiércol equino y bovino para la producción de abonos orgánicos en una zona rural del sur del Estado de México.Proyecto de Lombricultura: biotecnología para la producción de humus y harina de lombriz roja califoniana (Eisenia fétida L.) y su utilización en los sistemas de producción agropecuaria en el sur del Estado de México. Clave: 3745/2014/CI

Assessment of some browse tree leaves on gas production and sustainable mitigation of CH4 and CO2 emissions in dairy calves at different age

Rumen inoculum was collected by stomach tube from 6 young calves (Holstein, with a live weight of 40e55 kg) at 20, 40 and 60 d of age using stomach tube. Calves were fed daily one time at 11:00 h on a total local formulated mixed ration containing (/kg dry matter (DM)): 200 g canola, 625 g sorghum grains,150 g soybean meal, and 25 g mineral salts. The diet contained (/kg): 200 g crude protein, 230 g neutral detergent fiber, 50.3 g acid detergent fiber and 35.6 g either extract. The diet was formulated to cover their nutrient requirements. Calves were received 2 L of milk at 07:00 h and other 2 L at 16:00 h with a free grazing time from 8:00 to 16:00 h during the day on ryegrass and white clover ad libitum with free access to fresh water at all times during rumen contents collection phaseThe present context was aimed to determine the in vitro gas production (GP), mitigation of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, and ruminal fermentation from nine different tree leaves as suitable alternatives for alfalfa hay. Tree leaves and alfalfa hay were incubated with rumen inoculum from calves at different ages (20, 40, and 60 d). The level of asymptomatic GP [mL/g dry matter (DM)] differed (P < 0.05) between different tree leaves compared with alfalfa hay. Most of the plant leaves showed differed (P < 0.05) asymptomatic CH4 production (mL/g DM), fractional rate of GP and lag time. The asymptomatic CO2 production and fractional rate of CO2 production decreased effectively (P < 0.01) with the different tree leaves. In vitro rumen CH4 and CO2 productions (mL/g incubated DM) by species incubated in the rumen liquor of calves collected at 60 d of age increased effectively. Fermentation pH (P 0.05) was not significant by dose and substrate dose interaction. Tree leaves showed lower production of CH4 (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CH4 emission when compared to alfalfa hay after the required period of incubation at significant level (P 0.05) on CO2 production (mL/g incubated DM and mL/g degraded DM) and proportional CO2 production. The incorporation of tested tree leaves in diet would be a valuable alternative of alfalfa hay with sustainable reduction properties of CH4 and CO2 productions. These potent tree leaves can be used as valuable cleaner product and feeding stuffs for the environment and ruminants respectively due to their in vitro fermentative properties

ERP Source Analysis Guided by fMRI During Familiar Face Processing

Event related potentials (ERPs) provide precise temporal information about cognitive processing, but with poor spatial resolution, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reliably identifies brain areas involved, but with poor temporal resolution. Here we use fMRI to guide source localization of the ERPs at different times for studying the temporal dynamics of the neural system for recognizing familiar faces. fMRI activation areas were defined in a previous experiment applying the same paradigm used for ERPs. The Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method was used to estimate the generators of the ERPs to unfamiliar, visually familiar, and personally-familiar faces constraining the model by fMRI activation results. For this, higher prior probabilities in the solution space were assigned to the fMRI-defined regions, which included face-selective areas and other areas related to “person knowledge” retrieval. Source analysis was carried out in three-time windows: early (150–210 ms), middle (300–380 ms) and late (460–580 ms). The early and middle responses were generated in fMRI-defined areas for all face categories, while these areas do not contribute to the late response. Different areas contributed to the generation of the early and middle ERPs elicited by unfamiliar faces: fusiform (Fus), inferior occipital, superior temporal sulcus and the posterior cingulate (PC) cortices. For familiar faces, the contributing areas were Fus, PC and anterior temporal areas for visually familiar faces, with the addition of the medial orbitofrontal areas and other frontal structures for personally-significant faces. For both unfamiliar and familiar faces, more extended and reliable involvement of contributing areas were obtained for the middle compare with early time window. Our fMRI guide ERP source analysis suggested the recruitment of person-knowledge processing areas as early as 150–210 ms after stimulus onset during recognition of personally-familiar faces. We concluded that fMRI-constrained BMA source analysis provide information regarding the temporal-dynamics in the neural system for cognitive processsing