Pengetahuan, Sikap Dan Perilaku Remaja Tentang Keluarga Sadar Gizi (Kadarzi): Dengan Perhatian Khusus Terhadap Pantauan Berat Badan Dan Mengonsumsi Makanan Beragam

Latar belakang: Kualitas remaja sangat mempengaruhi masa depan suatu bangsa. Pengetahuan sikap dan perilaku remaja tentang keluarga sadar gizi (KADARZI) utamanya pengetahuan tentang pentingnya memantau berat badan dan mengonsumsi beraneka ragam makanan akan mempengaruhi status gizi dan kesehatannya masa kini, maupun di kemudian hari. Tujuan penelitian: Mendapatkan gambaran PSP remaja tentang KADARZI, utamanya tentang pentingnya pemantauan berat badan dan mengonsumsi aneka ragam makanan. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah kros-seksional. Penelitian dilakukan di 226 posyandu yang tersebar di 6 provinsi yaitu provinsi Sumatera Barat, Jawa Barat, Kalimantan Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Sulawesi Selatan dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jumlah seluruh sampel adalah 970 remaja dari 4289 rumah tangga. Pemilihan sampel kabupaten sampai posyandu dilakukan secara purposif dan sampel rumah tangga dilakukan secara acak. Remaja dari rumah tangga terpilih dicakup dalam studi ini. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku berbagai aspek gizi remaja. Pengolahan data dilakukan secara deskriptif untuk memperoleh gambaran kesadaran gizi remaja menurut indikator kadarzi. Hasil: Secara umum pengetahuan remaja pada beberapa aspek gizi cukup baik yakni: 90,6% mengetahui manfaat sarapan pagi, 65% tanda–tanda gizi buruk. Tetapi pengetahuan tentang aspek gizi lain masih rendah, <20% remaja mengetahui tentang ASI eksklusif dan pentingnya makanan beraneka ragam. Sementara sikap dan perilaku yang berkait dengan sarapan pagi, hampir 100% bersikap positip dan 60% bersikap positip pada memantau berat badan. Akan tetapi perilaku berkait dengan penimbangan dan mengonsumsi aneka ragam makanan relatif masih rendah yakni 26,5% dan 18,8%. Kesimpulan: Sekitar seperempat (26%) responden yang memantau atau menimbang berat badannya secara teratur, dan kurang dari 20% responden remaja yang mengonsumsi makanan beraneka ragam. Saran: Perlu edukasi gizi yang intensif kepada remaja dan pemangku kepentingan (stakeholder)

Efek Program Pemberian "Taburia" Terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin Balita Pada Keluarga Miskin Di Jakarta Utara

Effect of "Taburia" Intervention Program on Hemoglobin Concentration Among Children Under-Five Years of Poor Families In North Jakarta.Background: Anemia is one of the main nutritional problems in Indonesia. Anemia in children under fives years will have an impact on growth and mental development. In an effort to improve the nutritional status of infants, especially in poor families, the Japan Funds for Poverty Reduction (JFPR) in collaboration with the Center for Nutrition and Food, Ministry of Health, Bogor, making multi-vitamin ingredients and micro nutrients called as TABURIA.Objectives: To study the influence of hemoglobin levels on child under fives years of poor families.Methods: Design of the study was Evaluation Before and After Treatment (Pre-Post Evaluation). This research was conducted in 9 urban villages in 3 Public health centers in North Jakarta City. The numbers of samples were 540 children aged 6-59 months from poor families. Tabuaria was distributed by a cadre posyandu to all children under fives years (5000 children) in the research area. The data analyzed included: hemoglobin levels, economic social family, compliance and child morbidity. Data were analyzed by descriptive to determine changes in status of anemia and haemoglobin levels before and after intervention.Results: Most of children under fives years (87.8%) to receive and consume Taburia. The average Hb levels increased from 10.5 mg/dl in baseline data to 12.0 mg/dl at endline evaluation. The proportion of anemia (Hb <11 mg/dl) decreased significantly from 62.3% (baseline) to 24.7%(endline-evaluation).Conclusion: Taburia be accepted by the majority of children under fives and can increase hemoglobin levels of children under fives.Recommendation: Taburia can increase the hemoglobin levels of children under fives years, but if would be implemented as national program, it should be study in others regions (pilot areas) to explore the appropriateness Taburia distribution model in different conditions

Kontribusi Golongan Bahan Makanan Terhadap Konsumsi Energi Dan Protein Rumahtangga Diindonesia

Background: Some of the nutrition problems in Indonesia often as consequence of daily food consumption has not balanced, there is contribution more from cerealia than animal especially in poor families. Objectives: The aimed of this analysis is to studies the contribution of food group to household energy and protein consumption in Indonesia. Methods: Food consumption data of 173471 households sample of Health Research Data Base 2007 were calculated by Nutrisoft program developed by Research and Development Centre of Food and Nutrition. Food-stuff is categories to 8 group of food-stuff that is: Grains, Corms, Animal, Oil/Fat, Beans, Sugar, Fruit/fatty seeds and fruits and vegetables. Each group of food-stuff is calculated for the contribution to household consumption of energy and protein. Data were analyzed by descriptively. Results: At national level, the grains contributed of highest energy (67.2%) from household energy consumption, except in Papua, where contribution of grain equal to contribution of corms that is each 40%. The grains also gives highest contribution that is 44.7% from household protein consumption. In urban, the contribution of grain is 63.2% from household energy consumption while in rural is 68.6 %. In Urban, contribution of grain is 40% of household protein consumption, while in rural is 46.0%. Conclusions: The grains has the highest contribution for household energy and protein consumption. The protein from animal is only 38.7% and beans is 4.25%

Tinggi Badan Anak Baru Masuk Sekolah Dasar Sebagai Indikator Sosial Ekonomi

Pada tahun 1986, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Gizi (Puslitbang Gizi) bekerjasama dengan Kantor Menteri Negara Kependudukan dan Lingkungan Hidup (KLH) melakukan penelitian evaluasi Tinggi Badan Anak Baru masuk sekolah provinsi yaitu: Sumatera Barat, Jawa Tengah dan Nusa Tenggara Barat mencakup semua kecamatan di semua Daerah Tingkat II (kabupaten dan kotamadya). Tiga persen desa di tiap kecamatan dipilih secara acak sebagai sampel desa. Satu sekolah tingkat dasar (termasuk negeri dan swasta) dipilih dari tiap desa yang terletak di daerah kabupaten dan dua sekolah dari desa/kelurahan yang terletak di daerah kota (kotamadya/kota administratif). Sampel sekolah dipilih dari daftar nama-nama sekolah yang diterbitkan oleh Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan tahun 1984-1985. Secara keseluruhan penelitian ini meliputi 56 daerah tingkat II, 652 kecamatan dan 3540 sekolah tingkat dasar. Pengukuran tinggi badan anak sekolah dilakukan oleh guru-guru sekolah dengan menggunakan pita pengukur yang terbuat dari "fiber-glass" seperti yang biasa digunakan oleh para penjahit pakaian. Data yang berkaitan dengan keadaan sosial ekonomi desa (PODES) dikumpulkan oleh petugas tingkat kecamatan dari laporan terakhir monografi desa (Juni, 1986). Formulir pengumpulan data dikirimkan lewat pos dari Puslitbang Gizi ke kecamatan-kecamatan. Selanjutnya, formulir tinggi badan anak sekolah dikirimkan ke masing-masing sekolah oleh kantor pendidikan tingkat kecamatan. Pengolahan data dan analisis dilakukan di Puslitbang Gizi, Bogor. Status gizi anak sekolah diidentifikasi dengan menggunakan indeks tinggi badan dan umur (TB/U) berdasarkan standar tinggi badan yang biasa digunakan di Indonesia. Status gizi anak sekolah digolongkan ke dalam empat kategori mengikuti cara klasifikasi WHO, yaitu kategori I (<85% standar), kategori II (85%-90% standar), kategori III (90%-95% standar) dan kategori IV (>95% standar). Prevalensi gizi kurang (kategori I dan II) digunakan dalam analisis regresi sederhana maupun ganda untuk mempelajari hubungannya dengan keadaan sosial ekonomi penduduk. Sekitar 80% kecamatan dan sekolah yang dijadikan sampel mengisi dan mengirimkan kembali formulir pengumpulan data ke Puslitbang Gizi, Bogor. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan bermakna antara prevalensi gizi kurang dengan beberapa peubah sosial ekonomi penduduk. Peubah-peubah sosial ekonomi yang menunjukkan hubungan bermakna adalah: kepadatan penduduk, persen penduduk berusia 10-54 tahun, persen penduduk berpendidikan SLTP ke atas, persen buruh tani terhadap jumlah penduduk, persen buruh lainnya terhadap jumlah penduduk, rasio buruh tani terhadap petani pemilik, persen sawah tadar hujan terhadap luas wilayah, rasio sawah tadah hujan terhadap sawah irigasi, fasilitas perhubungan dan keadaan Perumahan penduduk. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Tinggi Badan Anak Baru masuk sekolah dapat digunakan sebagai indikator keadaan sosial ekonomi penduduk. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini secara operasional tidak mahal dan strategis untuk dikembangkan ke provinsi-provinsi lain untuk memonitor status gizi sebagai dampak program-program pembangunan

Faktor Risiko Kegemukan Pada Anak Sekolah Usia 6-18 Tahun Di DKI Jakarta

Background: The result of nutritional status surveys on school age children in 10 big cities in Indonesia in 2005 showed that the prevalence of obesity in school age children in DKI Jakarta was the highest with percentage of 6 % compared to other big cities that only under 3%. Further analysis was conducted to examine the risk factor related to obesity in school age children in DKI Jakarta. Objectives: Data analysis was done to study the risk factor related to obesity in school age children in Jakarta.Material and Methods: Experimental design was cross sectional. Samples were primary school, junior high school and senior high school students age 6 – 18 years old in five regions of DKI Jakarta. The number of total samples was 7195 students. Data collected were anthropometry, social-economy, food consumption pattern, physical activities, and life style. Nutrition Status was determined by calculating Body Mass Index (BMI) using CDC 2000 reference. Results: The prevalence of overweight student in DKI Jakarta was 6%. The prevalence of malnutrition and severe malnutrition students were 11,2% and 1,2% respectively. The group of student ≤9 years old had the highest prevalence of obesity and severe malnutrition. The prevalence was more in male students than female. The education level of parents, often consumes an oily snacks, like to buy a deep fry snacks, oily snacks, often consume supplement, and rarely do household work have strong relation with obesity (p<0,05). Conclusion: Male students age ≤9 year old have higher risk of obesity and malnutrition than female students. The education level of parents, often consumes an oily snacks, like to buy a deep fry snacks, oily snacks, often consume supplement, and rarely do physical work are risk factors of obesity in school age children. [Penel Gizi Makan 2007, 30(1): 31-39

Karakteristik Status Gizi Dan Hubungannya Dengan Berbagai Faktor Determinan Pada Anak Usia 12-36 Bulan Dari Keluarga Sosio-ekonomi Menengah Ke Atas

NUTRITIONAL STATUS CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS RELATED DETERMINANT FACTORS AMONG HEALTHY CHILDREN AGED 12-36 MONTHS FROM MIDDLE UP SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS.Background: There are very few studies had been carried out among children from middle up socio-economy status, and therefore, the prevalence of malnutrition as well as characteristics of nutritional status of children from middle­ upper socioeconomic families have not been well reported. Objectives: To describe the nutritional status of children from well being families, and its related determinant factors.Methods: A total of 235 children aged 12-36 months from middle upper socio-economic status in Bogor city, West Java had been studied. The cross-sectional study design was implemented. Data on general characteristics of the families and anthropometric measurements on both the child and the mother were collected by well trained field workers. Results: The study reveals that the average birth weight was 3.2 ± 0.41 kg and birth length was 49.2 ± 1.96 cm. Most mothers (43.2%) breastfed their children until 3 months, 22.0% less than 3 months and the remaining 34,8% above 3 months. Using NCHS standard, underweight was found 6.1%, stunting was 4.2%, and wasting was 2.8%, There were no subjects with Z-score above 2 SD of weight-for-age, length-for-age or weight-for-length, classified as overweight or obese children. There is no association observed between nutritional status and household income, percentage of foods expenditure, and education level of fathers. A positive trend was observed between nutritional status of children and height of mothers A stronger positive trend was also observed for education level of mothers against nutritional status of the children. A significant (P<0.05) association between education of mothers and nutritional status (based on weight for age) of the children was demonstrated in these subjects. Conclusion: Level of education of mothers substantially contributed to nutritional status of children aged 12-36 months

Konsumsi Makanan Penduduk Indonesia Ditinjau Dari Norma Gizi Seimbang (Food Consumption in Term of the Norm of Balanced Nutrition)

Currently Indonesia is facing double burden nutrition problems, undernutrition and overnutrition.The Riskesdas, national basic health survey in 2013 the prevalence of underweight is 19.6 percent and 11.9 percent overweight. One of the causes of malnutrition is a problem in selecting healthy food that can lead to problems in food variety, proportion and adequacy required by the body. The purpose of this analysis is to assess food consumption pattern of the population in both quality and quantity which is a representation of the first pillar of balanced nutrition guide (Pedoman Gizi Seimbang). Data from the Individual Food Consumption Survey (SKMI) in 2014 was used for this analysis. The diversity of food is analyzed based on the types of food consumed, the proportion of consumption data obtained from the consumption of carbohydrate, protein and fat, and the adequacy energy consumption as evaluated based on total energy consumption of the sample compared to Dietary Allowances (RDA). The results showed that only food variety is in better situation than the proportion and energy adequacy Recommendation,nutrition education should be intensified either through formal channel (via schools or other institution) or informal channel (pengajian, arisan, karang taruna, majlis taklim, sekolah minggu di gereja) conveying the messages of balanced nutrition. Saat ini Indonesia disebut menghadapi permasalahan gizi ganda, yaitu adanya masyarakat yang kekurangan gizi, namun sebaliknya ada juga yang kelebihan. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas tahun 2013 prevalensi underweight sebesar 19,6 persen dan kegemukan sebesar 11,9 persen. Salah satu penyebab dari kejadian ini adalah adanya kesalahan dalam pola makan yang tidak memperhatikan keragaman, proporsi dan kecukupan energi yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh.Tujuan dari analisis ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana pola konsumsi penduduk baik kualitas maupun kuantitasnya yang merupakan cerminan dari pilar pertama gizi seimbang. Analisis ini menggunakan data dari Survei Konsumsi Makanan Individu (SKMI) tahun 2014. Keragaman makanan didapatkan dari data hidangan dan jenis bahan makanan, proporsi konsumsi didapatkan dari data konsumsi bahan makanan sumber karbohidrat (KH), protein dan lemak dan data kecukupan didapatkan dari total energi yang dikonsumsi dibandingkan dengan angka kecukupan gizi (AKG). Hasil yang didapat dari analisis ini secara umum keragaman konsumsi makanan penduduk di Indonesia sudah baik, namun pada proporsi dan kecukupan konsumsi masih kurang. Saran dari hasil analisis ini adalah perlu digalakkannya pedoman gizi seimbang dan lebih memahami pentingnya menjaga kualitas dan kuantitas konsumsi makanan agar sehat dan terhindar dari penyakit

Perbandingan Metode Perkiraan Prevalensi Rumah Tangga Defisit Kalori

Dalam memperkirakan prevalensi defisit kalori (PDK) untuk Indonesia berdasarkan data SUSENAS, para peneliti menggunakan cara yang berbeda, terutama dalam penggunaan angka batas "defisit kalori". Adaa yang menggunakan cara "batas tetap" (angka rata-rata kebutuhan energi minimum untuk tingkat nasional), ada pula yang menggunakan "batas relatif" (angka rata-rata kebutuhan energi minimun untuk tingkat rumah tangga denngan mempertimbangkan komposisi anggota rumah tangga menurut umur dan jenis kelamin). Dalam makalah ini dikemukanan kajian perbandingan ketepatan kedua metoda yang digunakan dalam memperkirakan prevalensi defisit kalori untuk Indonesia berdasarkan data SUSENAS 1984. Hasil analisis dengan uji Se (Sensitivity) dan Sp (Specifity) menunjukkan bahwa dalam memperkirakan PDK untuk Indonesia akan lebih tepat bila menggunakan "batas relatif" (70% kebutuhan energi rumah tangga) sebagai patokan "batas defisit kalori". Jika menggunakan "batas tetap" sebaiknya patokan "batas defisit kalori" bukan 1700 kalori, melainkan 1400 kalori