In Vitro Propagation of Ruta Chalepensis Through and Callus Culture

Plant tissue culture is a field that that enables culturing of various plants and parts of plants usually treated under a nutrient medium and in highly sterile conditions. Out of them callus culture is one of the very interesting arenas of plant biotechnology that encompasses many pivotal benefits.  The study focuses on such callus enrichment using different hormones that there by enhance its biological activities. The plant namely Ruta chalepensiswas chosen upon wherein the callus growth was noticed.  Ruta chalepensis has multiple medicinal activities like anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic and many more pharmacological properties that yields in treating and curing of illness. Ruta chalepensis the leaf and internode were taken for the study and to analyse which of those at what concentration of plant growth regulators showed a better callus induction. The MS medium as well as Various hormone concentrations was used for the study like auxin and cytokinin from 0.5mg to 2 mg (2,4 – D, NAA, IAA, IBA). Increased concentration of 2,4-D (1.0 mg/L) alone in the MS medium showed profused callus growth. Both the explants used such as leaf and Internode were also tested in the MS medium which was devoid of hormones/plant growth regulators which was treated as control for comparison. From the data obtained, MS medium supplemented with hormones showed better growth rate and callus induction when compared with that of MS medium without hormones/plant growth regulators. Among the plant growth regulators 2,4-D (1.0 mg/L) showed maximum callus initiation from both leaf and internode explants. Further work was carried out in single and combination of the plant growth regulators for callus proliferation and accumulation. Further analysis is being done to study the growth pattern on combination of hormones and fix the hormone concentrations for the mass propagation of callus from the explants

Study of Suicide Attempts in Schizophrenia.

INTRODUCTION: Schizophrenia is a chronic disease characterized by remissions and Exacerbations. It reduces the life expectancy of those afflicted by approximately 10 years, And suicide accounts for the majority of premature deaths among patients suffering from Schizophrenia. Suicide is the most devastating possible outcome of a schizophrenic Illness. In addition to the finality for the patients, suicide has an intense and long-lasting Impact on families, other patients, and professional staff (Allebeck 1989, Black et al 1985). The risk of suicide in schizophrenia exceeds that of all psychiatric disorders other Than major depression (Asnis et al). The rate of suicide in schizophrenia has been Reported to be some 20-50 times greater than suicide rate in general population (Black 1988). It has been found that 20% to 40% of patients suffering from schizophrenia make Suicide attempts. The completed suicide rate in schizophrenia ranges from 9% to 12.9% (Tsuang et al 1980). Approximately 1% to 2 % of patients suffering from schizophrenia Who attempt suicide are reported to complete suicide within a year after their initial Attempt, with an additional 1% doing so each year thereafter (Vanessa Raymont). Suicide attempts are associated with protracted, non-regressive symptomatology, The majority occurring before 30 years of age. Chronicity, incapacity and complaints of Social isolation even though they are not being abandoned, are characteristic of those who Die by suicide. Suicide attempts in individuals with schizophrenia are serious, typically requiring Medical attention. Intent is strong and the majority of those who attempt make multiple Attempts, having a higher rate of more lethal methods (Radomsky et al). Risk factors including previous attempts are however found to be having limited Value in the prediction of eventual suicide and traditional risk scales are considered Ineffective (Heila et al, 1997). There has been a paucity of Indian studies on this subject which promoted us to take Up this study. In this study, we have tried to find differences in the groups of suicide attempters And non-attempters in schizophrenia in search for a possible recognition of risk factors. The question looming large is: “IS THERE PREVENTION?

Evaluation of normal variants of circle of Willis at MRI

Background: Anatomy of circle of Willis (COW) shows extensive variations in different individuals and signifies the causation and presentation of clinical disease. The present study aims to evaluate the different anatomical variations of the Circle of Willis (COW) in general population, using magnetic resonance (MR) 3D-time of flight angiography and to correlate the observations with age and gender characteristics.Methods: This observational clinical study was conducted January 2013 to March 2014 in 503patients who were referred for MRI – Brain. MRI (Philips 1.5 Tesla magnet) with routine brain sequences along with 3D –TOF MRA was done in all patients. The anatomical variants of the anterior and posterior components of the COW were studied. The complete COW was assessed and the diameters of all the components were measured. The correlation between the vessel diameters in relations to age and gender were evaluated.Results: The mean age group of study participants was 42 years. Male dominance was seen among participants (57.1%). The complete configuration of the circle was seen in 31.6% of population. Most common anterior variant is type A (normal anterior configuration) with a prevalence of 52.9% and posterior variant is type K with a prevalence of 32.9%. Average diameters of the proximal vessels supplying the COW were larger in the older age subjects (centripetal vessels, the right and left ICA s and BA). Statistically significant differences between the mean vessel diameters between males and females were seen in the ICA-RT, ICA-LT, and PCOA-LT.Conclusions: The present study showed great variability of the anatomy of the COW in asymptomatic person. Various variants of COW can be picked up by MRA which is safer and non-invasive when compared with CTA / DSA. Knowledge of these variations would help in planning surgical procedures as well as preventing unwanted interventions

2-Hy­droxy­ethyl 4-hy­droxy­benzoate

In the title compound, C9H10O4, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the –CO2 unit is 11.93 (8)° and the conformation of the 2-hy­droxy­ethyl side chain is gauche [O—C—C—O = −71.91 (17)°]. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Methyl 1-ethyl-3′-[hydroxy(naphthalen-1-yl)methyl]-1′-methyl-2- oxospiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidine]-3′-carboxylate

In the title compound, C27H28N2O4, the pyrrolidine ring adopts a twist conformation. The plane of the indole ring is almost perpendicular to that of the pyrrolidine ring, making a dihedral angle of 88.50 (6)°. The planes of the naphthyl ring system and the pyrrolidine ring are tilted by an angle of 55.86 (5)°. The molecular conformation is stabilized by intramolecular O—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds

Ethyl 2-benzyl-3-[3-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-4,6-dioxo-5-phenyl­octa­hydro­pyrrolo­[3,4-c]pyrrole-1-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C37H31ClN4O4, crystallizes with two mol­ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. The pyrrole rings in both mol­ecules are connected via cis fusion, whereas one ring has a twisted conformation and the other assumes a half-chair conformation. In the crystal, the A mol­ecules form inversion dimers via a pair of C—H⋯Cl inter­actions, while the B mol­ecules form chains propagating in [10], via C—H⋯O inter­actions. In the crystal, there are also a number of C—H⋯π inter­actions present

Sustainable development goals and ending ECC as a public health crisis

Early Childhood Caries (ECC) remains a global issue despite numerous advancements in research and interventional approaches. Nearly, 530 million children suffer from untreated dental caries of primary teeth. The consequences of such untreated dental caries not only limit the child's chewing and eating abilities but also, significantly impact the child's overall growth. Research has demonstrated that ECC is associated with nearly 123 risk factors. ECC has also been associated with local pain, infections, abscesses, and sleep pattern. Furthermore, it can affect the child's emotional status and decrease their ability to learn or perform their usual activities. In high-income countries, dental care continues to endorse a “current treatment-based approach” that involves high-technology, interventionist, and specialized approaches. While such approaches provide immediate benefit at an individual level, it fails to intercept the underlying causes of the disease at large. In low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), the “current treatment approach” often remains limited, unaffordable, and unsuitable for the majority of the population. Rather, dentistry needs to focus on “sustainable goals” and integrate dental care with the mainstream healthcare system and primary care services. Dental care systems should promote “early first dental visits,” when the child is 1 year of age or when the first tooth arrives. The serious shortages of appropriately trained oral healthcare personnel in certain regions of the world, lack of appropriate technologies and isolation of oral health services from the health system, and limited adoption of prevention and oral health promotion can pose as critical barriers. The oral health care systems must focus on three major keystones to combat the burden of ECC−1. Essential oral health services are integrated into healthcare in every country ensuring the availability of appropriate healthcare accessible and available globally, 2. Integrating oral and general healthcare to effectively prevent and manage oral disease and improve oral health, 3. Collaborating with a wide range of health workers to deliver sustainable oral health care tailored to cater to the oral health care needs of local communities

Utility of biotechnology based decision making tools in postharvest grain pest management: an Australian case study

A major concern for the Australian grain industry in recent years is the constant threat of resistance to the key disinfectant phosphine in a range of stored grain pests. The need to maintain the usefulness of phosphine and to contain the development of resistance are critical to international market access for Australian grain. Strong levels of resistance have already been established in major pests including the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and most recently in the rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). As a proactive integrated resistance management strategy, new fumigation protocols are being developed in the laboratory and verified in large-scale field trials in collaboration with industry partners. To aid this development, we have deployed advanced molecular diagnostic tools to accurately determine the strength and frequency of key phosphine resistant insect pests and their movement within a typical Australian grain value chain. For example, two major bulk storage facilities based at Brookstead and Millmerran in southeast Queensland, Australia, were selected as main nodes and several farms and feed mills located in and around these two sites at a scale of 25 to 100 km radius were selected and surveyed. We determined the type, pattern, frequency as well as the distribution of resistance alleles accurately for two major pests, R. dominica and T. castaneum. Overall, this information along with the phenotypic data, provide a basis for designing key intervention strategies in managing resistance problems in the study area

Studies on soil fertility status of coffee growing regions in Wayanad district

Top soil in Wayanad region is prone to disturbance and erosion, as the coffee growers’ practice scraping, scuffling and cover digging. It isnecessary to conserve the inherent fertility of top soil by minimum disturbance during farming operations. Otherwise soil deterioration can become one of the major constraints for crop production in the present day exploitative cultivation of plantation crops. It is well known that nutrient availability is influenced by their distribution in the soil as well as other soil characteristics. Soil fertility is the key to meet the nutrient requirement of the crops. Soil test based nutrient management will increase the crop productivity there by helping to save the fertility. The study, carried out to understand the fertility status of the coffee soils, revealed a higher acidity (98%) with deficiencies of calcium (32%), magnesium (96%) and boron (31%) limiting the coffee productivity in the district. The coffee area in the district is strongly acidic (69%) due to lack of liming and continuous use of acid producing fertilizers. Fifty per cent of soil sampleswere high in phosphorus which in turn impair the nutrient balance and affects micronutrient absorption by plants. Deficiency of calcium and magnesium affects uptake of other nutrients which upsets cellular functions. In coffee, boron deficiency will reduce the productivity by affecting flowering and fruit set. Amelioration of soil acidity and optimal use of major, secondary and micronutrients are must to enhance coffee productivity in the district. Application of manures and fertilizers based on soil test values will save the fertilizers and also sustain the soil health. Integrated management of plant nutrients is essential to achieve sustainable coffee crop production